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The Committee
against Torture, established under article 17 of the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Meeting on 14 November 2003,
Having concluded its consideration of complaint No. 213/2002, submitted to
the Committee against Torture by Mr. E. J. V. M. under article 22 of the
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment,
Having taken into account all information made available to it by the
complainant and the State party,
Adopts the following:
Decision Under Article 22, Paragraph 7, of the Convention
1.1 The complainant is E. J. V. M., a Costa Rican citizen, born in 1956,
currently residing clandestinely in Sweden, following the rejection by
Sweden on 19 February 2002 of his application for asylum. He claims that his
deportation to Costa Rica would constitute a violation by Sweden of article
3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (henceforth referred to as "the Convention"). He is
not represented by counsel.
1.2 The State party ratified the Convention on 8 January 1986, when it also
made the declaration under article 22 of the Convention. The Convention
entered into force for the State party on 26 June 1987.
1.3 In accordance with article 22, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the
Committee transmitted the complaint to the State party on 1 July 2002.
The Facts as Submitted by the Complainant:
2.1 The complainant joined the Youth Section of the Popular Vanguard Party
(Communist) of Costa Rica in 1975, when he was a drama student at the
University of Costa Rica. As an active member of Costa Rica's Vanguard Youth
(JVC), he participated in various student political and cultural activities.
2.2 The complainant was arrested for the first time in 1975 during a student
political meeting. Along with the other participants he was taken to a
prison in San Juan de Tib�s, where he alleges that he was physically and
mentally tortured - insulted, threatened, kicked, his hair pulled, beaten on
the ribs and spat on.
2.3 The complainant managed to escape from prison and made for the province
of Lim�n.He alleges that he was arrested several times and imprisoned in
inhumane conditions, among convicted criminals, in rat-infested premises,
with neither food nor a blanket nor anywhere to sleep. He alleges that he
was arrested and released on numerous occasions, being allowed to leave and
then being arrested again after 50 metres. He was finally able to escape and
return to San Jos�.
2.4 In San Jos�, the complainant again became involved in political
activities at university. He alleges that he was arrested several times;
while in detention he received death threats and was beaten and burned with
cigarettes. He says that on one occasion he was taken to the General
Detention Facility of the Ministry of Public Security, where he was
subjected to numerous types of physical and mental ill-treatment, including
being severely kicked and beaten, immersed in cold water in the early
morning and forced to perform sexual acts with his captors.
2.5 The complainant claims that, because of his Communist affiliations, he
was prevented from working in the National Theatre Company and suspended
from his acting classes. He also alleges that he was publicly attacked
because he was bisexual.
2.6 The complainant says that he fled to Venezuela, where he lived for two
years before returning to Costa Rica in 1982. On his return he set up an
underground theatre from which Radio Venceremos, the official medium of the
Frente Farabundo Mart� para la Liberaci�n Nacional (FMLN), used to make
clandestine broadcasts. He alleges that in 1985 security forces raided his
house, beat him up and took him to San Juan de Tib�s prison, where he was
physically and mentally tortured.
2.7 The complainant alleges that one night in the early 1990s, he was again
detained, beaten and forced to perform fellatio on one of the guards while
another insulted him. A third guard then started kicking him, causing such
injuries to his face and body that he had to be taken to a hospital: he was
threatened with death if he told what had happened. On his release, he
reported the facts to the prosecutor's office in San Pedro de Montes de Oca
and to the Public Prosecutor's Office in San Jos�. He claims that his
complaint was not examined.
2.8 Between 1992 and 1993, as a result of his participation in the defence
of the rights of Lim�n peasants who were under pressure to sell their land
cheaply, the complainant alleges that he was arrested in an operation
coordinated by the national police and paramilitary groups opposed to the
peasants. He says that he was taken to Lim�n prison, put in a cell swimming
in urine and excrement, beaten and drenched with cold water. On his release,
he found that his house had been raided and his personal belongings
destroyed.
2.9 The complainant claims that between 1994 and 1997 he was detained on
more than 30 occasions and taken to court four times, accused, inter alia,
of illegal possession of firearms, manufacture of explosives, occupation of
land, aggravated threats and attempted homicide.
2.10 He also says that his life and that of his partner, P. A. M., a
female-to-male transsexual, with whom he shared his political activities,
was in danger. He says that their house was shot at on several occasions and
that although they asked for police protection their requests were ignored.
He asserts that they had to install a metal stockade in the living room of
their house for protection.
2.11 The complainant alleges that in 1995 there was an attempt to murder
him: he received a bullet wound to his left hand from an individual to whom
a uniformed police officer had given a gun.
2.12 On 17 May 1997, the complainant left Costa Rica for good. With P. A. M.
he made for Canada, where they applied for asylum. The Canadian Center for
Victims of Torture took up their case and gave them legal, linguistic,
health-care and psychiatric support. The Canadian authorities, however,
refused their application for asylum.
2.13 On 12 July 2000, the complainant and P. A. M. fled to Sweden, where
they immediately applied for asylum. The Swedish authorities refused their
application. The complainant says that he is currently having to live
clandestinely in Sweden in order not to be deported, since all domestic
remedies have been exhausted in the State party.
The Complaint:
3.1 The complainant argues that his deportation would be a violation by
Sweden of article 3 of the Convention, since he is in danger of being
subjected to further torture in Costa Rica.
3.2 The complainant claims that the decision by the Swedish authorities was
a mechanical one, that it was biased, that the officials showed a lack of
humanitarian interest and that they considered only some parts of his
statement and not the whole. He further argues that the procedure was not
objective since it took place in Swedish with only sporadic assistance from
untrained interpreters, which prevented him from understanding and
responding to the decisions taken concerning him in his own language.
The State Party's Observations on Admissibility and the Merits:
4.1 In a written submission dated 15 October 2002, the State party set out
its observations on the admissibility and the merits of the complaint. On
admissibility, and with reference to the requirement set out in article 22,
paragraph 5 (a), of the Convention, the State party expresses its confidence
that the Committee will ascertain whether the complaint has not been and is
not being examined under another procedure of international investigation or
settlement.
4.2 On the admissibility requirement set out in article 22, paragraph 5 (b),
of the Convention, the State party acknowledges that all domestic remedies
have been exhausted in this case. The Swedish Migration Board held a first
interview with the complainant on the day after his arrival in Sweden; the
second interview took place on 26 July 2000. On 26 September 2000, the
Migration Board rejected the complainant's application for asylum and
ordered that he should be deported to his country of origin. The complainant
appealed, but the Aliens Appeals Board rejected the appeal on 19 February
2002.
4.3 The State party contends, however, that the complaint should be declared
inadmissible in accordance with article 22, paragraph 2, of the Convention,
since it lacks the minimum substantiation that would render it compatible
with article 22 of the Convention. As an example, the State party cites the
case of Y. v. Switzerland. [FN1]
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[FN1] Y. v. Switzerland, Complaint No. 18/1994, Decision of the Committee
against Torture under article 22 of the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted on 17 November
1994, paragraph 4.2.
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4.4 Should the Committee declare the complaint to be admissible, the State
party asserts that, as regards the merits of the complaint, returning the
complainant to Costa Rica would not constitute a violation of article 3 of
the Convention. It points out that, in accordance with the Committee's
jurisprudence, application of article 3 of the Convention must take account
of (a) the general human rights situation in the country, and (b) the danger
personally faced by the complainant of being subjected to torture in the
country to which he is returned.
4.5 On the general human rights situation in Costa Rica, the State party
asserts that there is no consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass
violations of human rights. It bases its assertion on reports on the human
rights situation in the country, on the Committee's concluding observations
on Costa Rica's initial report of 2001, on the fact that consensual
homosexual relationships between adults are legal in that country and on the
fact that Costa Rica has ratified various human rights instruments,
including the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The State party asserts that the torture
alleged by the complainant took place some time ago and that the human
rights situation in Costa Rica has considerably improved since.
4.6 As to whether the complainant is personally in danger of being subjected
to torture, the State party asserts that the circumstances he invokes are
not sufficient evidence that he runs a foreseeable, real and personal risk
of being tortured in Costa Rica. The State party refers in this connection
to the Committee's jurisprudence on the interpretation of article 3 of the
Convention. [FN2]
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[FN2] S.M.R. and M.M.R. v. Sweden, Complaint No. 103/1998, Decision of the
Committee against Torture under article 22 of the Convention against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted on 5
May 1999, paragraphs 9.7 and 9.4; S.L. v. Sweden, Complaint No. 150/1999,
Decision of the Committee against Torture under article 22 of the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, adopted on 11 May 2001, paragraph 6.4.
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4.7 The State party adds that the complainant's credibility is of vital
importance in taking a decision on the application for asylum, and that the
national authorities conducting the interviews are naturally in an excellent
position to assess that credibility. The State stresses that the
complainant's statements contain various discrepancies and grey areas which
diminish the credibility of his complaint.
4.8 First, the State party contends that the complainant's statements to the
Swedish Migration Board and the Swedish Aliens Appeals Board and the
complaint submitted to the Committee referring to the dates on which he was
arrested and tortured while living in Costa Rica are not consistent. The
complainant declared to the Swedish Migration Board and to the Canadian
authorities that an organization called Acaina had filed suit against him 33
times, while he told the Swedish Aliens Appeals Board and reported in his
complaint to the Committee that he had been arrested more than 30 times.
Lastly, as to the circumstances of his being shot in 1995, he declared to
the Swedish Migration Board and to the Canadian authorities that an
individual had threatened to shoot P. A. M. but that he himself had
intervened and been hit as a result. Before the Swedish Aliens Appeals
Board, however, and in the complaint to the Committee, he stated that an
individual had attempted to murder him and that it was then that he had been
shot.
4.9 On the reasons why the complainant contends that he is in danger of
being tortured if he is returned to Costa Rica, the State party points out
that his participation in peasant disputes over land took place quite some
time ago. It quotes human rights reports which show that the situation has
improved since 1999.
4.10 The State party further argues that, according to the complainant
himself, the most serious incident, namely, when he was shot, took place in
1995. The State party points out, however, that the complainant left Costa
Rica only in May 1997. He left the country legally, and apparently without
difficulty. This would suggest that he had no need of urgent protection even
in 1997.
4.11 The State party asserts that the complainant has not demonstrated the
risk of persecution by the Costa Rican authorities, and that in any case, if
it were considered that the complainant risks persecution today, it would be
from organizations with which he has been in conflict for various reasons.
The State party asserts, however, that persecution of this nature does not
fall within the purview of the Convention. [FN3] It adds that there is
nothing to indicate that Costa Rica is unable to furnish adequate protection
to the complainant should he be the object of such persecution. Costa Rica
has furthermore ratified the Convention and made the declaration under
article 22; the complainant would therefore be able to enjoy the protection
provided by the Convention in his country of origin.
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[FN3] G.R.B. v. Sweden, Complaint No. 83/1997, Decision of the Committee
against Torture under article 22 of the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted on 15 May 1998,
paragraph 6.5.
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Comments by the Complainant Concerning the State Party's Arguments:
5.1 In a written submission dated 25 November 2002, the complainant
commented on the State party's observations, referring to facts not
appearing in the initial complaint, and putting forward new allegations
which similarly did not appear in his initial submission. On the issue of
the general situation of human rights in Costa Rica, the complainant quotes
a press release issued by the Popular Vanguard Party of Costa Rica on 18
October 2002 denouncing acts of political persecution of its leaders by
agents of the State. He also quotes a document written by himself, which can
be found on his web site, about the human rights situation in Costa Rica.
5.2 The complainant quotes the opinion of the Centro de Investigaci�n y
Promoci�n para Am�rica Central de Derechos Humanos (CIPAC/DDHH) (Human
Rights Research and Promotion Centre for Central America), on the
discrimination to which homosexuals in Costa Rica are subject, the violence
against them and the fact that they cannot contract same-sex marriages.
5.3 Referring to the personal risk of torture he would incur if he were
returned to Costa Rica, the complainant bases his fears on the alleged lack
of effective means of protection on the part of government institutions.
Those same institutions did not protect him before or after the torture to
which he was subjected, and his complaints to the courts about members of
the police force were not examined.
5.4 On the issue of the circumstances in which the complainant was shot in
1995, he repeats that it was an attempted murder, without commenting on the
contradiction alleged by the State party.
5.5 On the issue of the circumstances under which he left Costa Rica, the
complainant says that he remained in the country until 1997 in order to
exhaust all domestic remedies. He reiterates that he was in danger at the
time and for that purpose had installed a metal stockade in his house and
that he moved from region to region within the country in order to protect
himself.
5.6 As regards the asylum procedure engaged in Sweden, the complainant
contends that at the hearing of 26 July 2000 he was not allowed to hand over
the documents he wished to submit since they were in Spanish, that the
immigration official and the defence lawyer assigned to him treated him in a
rude and hostile way, that the hearing was "a put-up job and manipulated
from beginning to end", and that the transcript of his statement by the
official was inaccurate and omitted certain facts of which he had informed
her. He further claims that in the course of one year and eight months he
had access to his lawyer for just two hours and 15 minutes. He also contends
that the State's refusal to consider his case adequately is an act of
discrimination.
5.7 The complainant says that he is currently continuing his political
activities from abroad, since he has a web site on which he records
complaints; for this reason his safety is still at risk.
Additional Submission by the Complainant:
6. On 23 September 2003, the complainant made an additional submission,
containing, inter alia, a psychiatric report dated 14 September 1998 and
issued by D. E. P., a Toronto-based psychiatrist, who confirms that the
complainant suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Issues and Proceedings Before the Committee:
7.1 Before considering any claims contained in a complaint, the Committee
against Torture must decide whether or not it is admissible under article 22
of the Convention. In this respect, the Committee has ascertained, as it is
required to under article 22, paragraph 5 (a), of the Convention, that the
same matter has not been and is not being examined under another procedure
of international investigation or settlement. The Committee also notes that
the State party acknowledges that domestic remedies have been exhausted.
7.2 As regards the complainant's additional submission of 23 September 2003,
the Committee notes that this submission was lodged after the end of the
six-week deadline, stipulated in the Committee's letter of 21 October 2001,
in accordance with rule 91, paragraph 6, of the Committee's rules of
procedure, in which the complainant was invited to submit his comments on
the State party's observations on admissibility and merits of the complaint
by 29 November 2002. The Committee thus considers that the fresh arguments
raised in the complainant's additional submission of 23 September 2003 were
lodged out of time and cannot therefore be considered by the Committee.
7.3 The Committee sees no further obstacles to the admissibility of the
complaint and therefore proceeds to a consideration of the merits.
8.1 The Committee has considered the complaint in the light of all
information made available to it by the parties, in accordance with article
22, paragraph 4, of the Convention.
8.2 The Committee must decide whether the deportation of the complainant to
Costa Rica would violate the State party's obligation under article 3 of the
Convention not to expel or return an individual to another State where there
are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of
being subjected to torture.
8.3 The Committee must assess whether there are grounds to believe that the
complainant would be personally in danger of being subjected to torture on
returning to Costa Rica. In weighing up this risk the Committee must take
into account all relevant considerations in accordance with article 3,
paragraph 2, of the Convention, including the existence of a consistent
pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights. The Committee
recalls, however, that the aim is to determine whether the individual
concerned would personally risk torture in the country to which he or she
would return. It follows that the existence of a consistent matter of gross,
flagrant or mass violations of human rights in a country does not as such
constitute sufficient grounds for determining whether the particular person
would be in danger of being subjected to torture upon his return to that
country; additional grounds must be adduced to show that the individual
concerned would be personally at risk. Conversely, the absence of a
consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights does not mean that a
person may not be considered to be in danger of being subjected to torture
in his or her specific circumstances.
8.4 In the present case, the Committee takes note of the State party's
observations on the general situation of human rights in Costa Rica and of
the fact that Costa Rica has made a declaration under article 22 of the
Convention. It further takes note of reports which indicate an improvement
in the situation of peasants involved in land disputes. The Committee
observes that the information contributed by the complainant to rebut this
opinion comes mainly from his own writings.
8.5 The Committee takes note of the discrepancies and grey areas in the
complainant's account, as indicated by the State party, which were not
clarified by the complainant. It further observes that the complainant has
not provided sufficient evidence to corroborate his assertions of having
been subjected to torture in Costa Rica.
8.6 The Committee also notes the observations of the State party to the
effect that the most serious incident alleged by the complainant took place
in 1995, but that the complainant nevertheless did not leave Costa Rica
until May 1997. It observes that the complainant's reply is vague in this
regard, and that while he contends that the government institutions in Costa
Rica have not protected him in the past, he has not provided evidence to
corroborate his assertion.
8.7 On the issue of the complainant's alleged difficulties in Costa Rica on
account of his bisexuality, the Committee observes that the danger of being
subjected to torture in Costa Rica in future is not based on grounds that go
beyond mere theory or suspicion. In the Committee's opinion, the reports
submitted by the complainant do not demonstrate substantial grounds for
believing that he is personally and currently in danger of being tortured if
returned to Costa Rica. In the light of the foregoing, the Committee
considers that the information furnished by the complainant does not provide
substantial grounds for believing that he would personally be in danger of
being tortured if returned to Costa Rica.
9. The Committee against Torture, acting under article 22, paragraph 7, of
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, considers that the complainant has not
substantiated his claim that he would be subjected to torture upon his
return to Costa Rica, and therefore concludes that the complainant's removal
to that country would not constitute a breach by the State party of article
3 of the Convention.
[Done in English, French, Russian and Spanish, the Spanish text being the
original version. Subsequently to be issued also in Arabic and Chinese as
part of the Committee's annual report to the General Assembly.]
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