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The Committee
against Torture, established under article 17 of the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Meeting on 23 November 2001,
Having concluded its consideration of communication No. 154/2000, submitted
to the Committee against Torture under article 22 of the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Having taken into account all information made available to it by the
petitioner and the State party,
Adopts its Views under article 22, paragraph 7, of the Convention.
1.1 The petitioner is M.S., an Algerian national, currently detained in the
Immigration Detention Centre in Chester Hill, Australia. He claims that his
removal to Algeria would entail a violation of article 3 of the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment by Australia. He is represented by the Refugee Advice and
Casework Service (Australia) Inc.
1.2 In accordance with article 22, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the
Committee brought the Communication to the attention of the State party on
28 January 2000. At the same time, acting under rule 108, paragraph 9, of
its rules of procedure, the Committee requested the State party not to expel
the petitioner to Algeria while his communication was being considered.
The Facts as Submitted by the Petitioner
2.1 On 24 August 1998, coming from South Africa, the petitioner arrived in
Australia without valid travel documents. In his interview at the airport he
requested the State party's protection as a refugee.
2.2 On 3 September 1998, the petitioner made an application for refugee
status (protection visa) with the Department of Immigration and
Multicultural Affairs under the Migration Act. On 2 October 1998, a delegate
of the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs delivered a
decision denying a protection visa. On 14 December 1998, the Refugee Review
Tribunal RRT) affirmed this decision. On 30 April 1999, the Federal Court of
Australia dismissed the petitioner's request for judicial review.
2.3 On 22 March 1999, the petitioner requested the Minister for Immigration
and Multicultural Affairs to intervene and set aside the decision of the RRT
in the public interest, pursuant to section 417 of the Migration Act. In an
undated letter, the Minister responded that he decided not to exercise this
power. On 13 September 1999, counsel again wrote to the Minister requesting
that the petitioner be permitted to submit a second application for a
protection visa pursuant to section 48B of the Migration Act. Counsel has
not received a response to this request.
2.4 The petitioner submits that he was involved in the social assistance
activities of the Front islamique du salut (FIS) since 1990, i.e. after
work, the petitioner sued to go to the local FIS office and assess what to
give to families in need. In January 1992, after the results of the general
election for the National Peoples' Assembly were cancelled, the local FIS
office was closed and the petitioner was called by the police (gendarmerie)
and questioned for more than two hours. The petitioner submits that after
his release, he was required to report to the gendarmerie on a daily basis
and not to leave his hometown, Ngaos. On 16 September 1994, supported by a
friend, he left Algeria for the Syrian Arab Republic by plane. The day after
his departure, and again in October, the gendarmerie questioned his father
about the residence of the alleged victim. It is further submitted that the
petitioner's father subsequently advised him not to return to Algeria
because the police accused him of avoiding his military recall.
2.5 The petitioner submits that he left Algeria in 1994 after he heard of an
official decree calling up reservists who had only served 18 months of
military service for an extra six months. The petitioner had served in the
National Republic Army from May 1988 to March 1990. The petitioner submits
that in March 1994 it was reported that the Algerian Minister of the
Interior announced the Government's intention to draft thousands of army
reservists and that these reports were not before the RRT when it reviewed
the case.
2.6 The petitioner submits that, in 1996, he obtained a copy of a court
verdict, dated 17 November 1996, convicting him of forming a terrorist group
and, in absentia, sentencing him to death. [FN1]
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[FN1] The translated text of the decision submitted by the petitioner reads
in its relevant part: "The Court has in default sentenced accused 'M.S.' to
death �."
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The Complaint
3.1 The petitioner contends that his deportation to Algeria would violate
article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The petitioner argues that there are
substantive grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being
subjected to torture when deported to Algeria, because he has been perceived
as an FIS sympathiser.
3.2 The petitioner claims that, upon his return, he would be targeted as a
draft-evader and anti-Government opinions would automatically be attributed
to him for avoiding military service.
3.3 The petitioner claims further that upon his return he would be arrested
and tortured in connection with the court verdict of 1996. It is submitted
that the judgement is consistent with counsel's knowledge of penalties for
desertion in connection with perceived affiliation with the Islamists.
3.4 The petitioner claims that, upon his return, he will be interviewed at
the airport about his time spent outside Algeria and his activities. He may
be questioned on whether he applied for refugee status outside Algeria. The
petitioner quotes a British newspaper report of June 1997 on the death of a
refused asylum-seeker deported to Algeria.
3.5 The petitioner claims that Algeria is committing gross violations of
human rights, which take place not only with total immunity, but are also
sanctioned at the highest level. Recalling events that have occurred in
Algeria since 1992, he further claims that there is a customary disregard by
Algeria of its obligations under international human rights treaties.
3.6 The petitioner claims that all available domestic remedies have been
exhausted. Notwithstanding the outstanding response from the Minister for
Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and pursuant to the Migration Act, the
alleged victim could be deported from Australia as soon as reasonably
practical.
State Party's Observations on Admissibility and Merits
4.1 In its reply of 14 November 2000, the State party submits that the
application is inadmissible, because it lacks the minimum substantiation as
required by article 22 of the Convention.
4.2 Should the Committee find that the application is admissible, the State
party submits that it lacks merit, as grounds for believing that the alleged
victim would be subject to torture upon his return to Algeria are neither
substantial, personal nor present.
4.3 While the State party acknowledges the seriousness of the human rights
situation in Algeria, it submits that recent reports indicate that the
situation has improved. The State party refers to the adoption of the Civil
Harmony Law in 1999 and the agreement of the Algerian Ministry of the
Interior to investigate cases of disappearances. The State party submits
that Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the United States
Department of State reported ad idem that the number of disappearances,
arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings carried out by agents of
Algeria declined in 1999. The State party notes that Algeria acceded to the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention against
Torture, with the declaration under articles 21 and 22, and the African
Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
4.4 The State party submits that there is no substantial reason for
believing that the petitioner will be subjected to torture upon his return
to Algeria resulting from his claimed involvement with the FIS. The State
party requests the Committee to accord appropriate weight to the findings of
the RRT in this regard, since the petitioner did not provide new information
in respect to this claim. The State party recalls the findings of the RRT
that the petitioner has never been a member of the FIS and had no interest
or involvement in its political activities and that the Algerian police had
no interest in him whatsoever. The RRT argued that the petitioner's
submission that he was required to report to the police and restricted in
his travel was not plausible in the light of the evidence of the treatment
of FIS members during the time in question. Furthermore, in the light of
recent developments in Algeria, the State party submits that sympathy with
the FIS is unlikely to draw the attention of the Algerian authorities.
4.5 With regard to the military recall of the petitioner, the State party
points at the findings by RRT that there was no military recall until March
1995. Country information received by the State party indicates that there
was an earlier recall of reservists in 1991, but no further recall until
March 1995. The State party recalls further that there was no evidence that
the petitioner was recalled at all, while independent evidence indicated
that a notice would have been sent to the petitioner's home. Even in the
event that the petitioner had failed to respond to a recall of reservists,
the alleged victim did not produce any specific information that he is
likely to be subjected to torture. The State party points to UNHCR
guidelines in respect of Algerian asylum-seekers and submits that the
likelihood of arrest alone does not support allegations of the likelihood of
torture.
4.6 The State party submits that the copy of the court verdict presented by
the petitioner is unlikely to be genuine, given that the petitioner's own
account of when the order was issued is inconsistent with the date of the
order and the sentence imposed is inconsistent with information received
concerning penalties imposed on reservists for the failure to respond to
recall, i.e. arrest and imprisonment for a period of between 3 months and up
to 10 years, depending on the circumstances. The State party further recalls
Amnesty International's reports that Algeria has had a moratorium on
carrying out death sentences since December 1994 and that none has been
carried out since that time.
4.7 Insofar as the petitioner claims that he is at risk of being subjected
to torture because of a suspicion that he has applied for refugee status or
sought asylum, it is submitted that the alleged victim did not provide any
evidence to support the observation that Algerian authorities have been made
aware of his applications in Australia or South Africa. Country information
received by the State party indicates that, even if the Algerian authorities
were aware of the petitioner's applications, there is no substantial reason
for believing that he would be subjected to torture.
Comments by the Petitioner
5.1 The petitioner submits that the human rights situation in Algeria
remains critical. He argues that Algeria continues to ignore or is unable to
respond to allegations of torture and ill-treatment of those people arrested
on suspicion of having links with armed groups. The petitioner recalls the
note in the concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee in 1998
that there were numerous sources of information that torture, disappearances
and summary executions occurred in Algeria. In addition, the petitioner
notes Amnesty International's continuing concern regarding torture of those,
who have been interrogated about possible contacts with members of armed
groups.
5.2 The petitioner submits that the distinction made between his involvement
with FIS and active membership in the organization is artificial. In
addition, no evidentiary basis is presented for the conclusion that social
assistance activities, which have obvious political significance, are not
regarded as political by the Algerian authorities.
5.3 The petitioner submits that, in the light of recent developments, it is
too simplistic to argue that the petitioner's sympathy with the FIS is
unlikely to draw the attention of the Algerian gendarmerie to his case. It
is argued that those who have not claimed the amnesty or who fall outside
its terms as provided for by the Civil Harmony Law are likely to be pursued
rigorously.
Issues and Proceedings Before the Committee
6.1 The Committee notes the information from the State party that the
deportation of the petitioner has been suspended, in accordance with the
Committee's request under rule 108, paragraph 9, of its rules of procedure.
6.2 Before considering any claims contained in a communication, the
Committee against Torture must decide whether the communication is
admissible under article 22 of the Convention. The Committee has
ascertained, as it is required to do under article 22, paragraph 5 (a), of
the Convention, that the same matter has not been and is not being examined
under another procedure of international investigation or settlement. The
Committee notes that the State party considers the communication
inadmissible for lack of sufficient substantiation. However, the State party
did not submit further arguments in this regard, but arguments on the merits
should the Committee find the communication admissible. The Committee,
therefore, is of the opinion that the State party's arguments raise only
substantive issues, which should be dealt with at the merits and not the
admissibility stage. Since the Committee sees no further obstacles to
admissibility, it declares the communication admissible.
6.3 The Committee must decide, pursuant to article 3, paragraph 1, of the
Convention, whether there are substantial grounds for believing that the
petitioner would be in danger of being subjected to torture upon return to
Algeria. In reaching this decision, the Committee must take into account all
relevant considerations, pursuant to article 3, paragraph 2, of the
Convention, including the existence of a consistent pattern of gross,
flagrant or mass violations of human rights. The aim of the determination,
however, is to establish whether the individual concerned would be
personally at risk of being subjected to torture in the country to which he
or she would return. It follows that the existence of a consistent pattern
of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights in a country does not
as such constitute a sufficient ground for determining that a particular
person would be in danger of being subjected to torture upon his return to
that country; additional grounds must exist to show that the individual
concerned would be personally at risk. Similarly, the absence of a
consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights does not mean that a
person cannot be considered to be in danger of being subjected to torture in
his or her specific circumstances.
6.4 In the present case, the Committee notes that the petitioner's social
activities for the FIS date back to the beginning of 1992, at which time he
was detained and interrogated for two hours. It is not submitted that the
petitioner was tortured or prosecuted for his activities for FIS before
leaving for Syria.
6.5 The Committee notes that the petitioner invokes the protection of
article 3 on the grounds that he is personally in danger of being arrested
and tortured in connection with the disputed court verdict of 1996. However,
the petitioner does not submit any information supporting the claim that the
petitioner will be exposed to the risk of torture. The Committee considers
that, even if it were certain that the petitioner would be arrested on his
return to Algeria because of a prior conviction, the mere fact that he would
be arrested and retried would not constitute substantial grounds for
believing that he would personally be in danger of being subjected to
torture. [FN2]
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[FN2] See P.Q.L. v. Canada, communication No. 57/1996, para. 10.5.
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6.6 With regard to the claim that the petitioner will be targeted and that
an anti-Government opinion will automatically be attributed to him, the
Committee notes that the petitioner did not present evidence that there was,
in fact, a military recall of the petitioner at all. From the evidence
before the Committee, it also cannot be established that the petitioner is
at risk of being tortured if interviewed at the airport upon his return to
Algeria.
6.7 The Committee recalls that, for the purposes of article 3 of the
Convention, a foreseeable, real and personal risk must exist of being
tortured in the country to which a person is returned. On the basis of the
considerations above, the Committee considers that the petitioner has not
presented sufficient evidence to convince the Committee that he faces a
personal risk of being subjected to torture if returned to Algeria.
7. The Committee against Torture, acting under article 22, paragraph 7, of
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, concludes that the removal of the petitioner to
Algeria, on the basis of the information submitted, would not entail a
breach of article 3 of the Convention.
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