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RAPPORTEUR
25th Ordinary Session: Commissioner Ben-Salem
26th Ordinary Session: Commissioner Ben-Salem
27th Ordinary Session: Commissioner Ben-Salem
28th Ordinary Session: Commissioner Ben-Salem
SUMMARY OF FACTS
1. The communication is submitted by Huri-Laws, a Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO) registered in Nigeria on behalf of the Civil Liberties
Organisation (CLO), another Nigerian human rights NGO based in Lagos.
2. This communication was received at the Secretariat on 24th October 1998,
during the 24th ordinary session.
3. It alleges that since the formation of Civil Liberties Organisation on
15th October 1987, it has experienced all forms of harassment and
persecutions from the Nigerian Government.
4. These harassment and persecutions have always been carried out in the
form of arrests and detention of key members and staff of the Organisation
and by way of raids and searches without warrants in the Organisation�s
offices by its Security Agency, the State Security Services (SSS).
5. One of such acts occurred on 7th November 1997, when Mr. Ogaga Ifowodo. A
Lawyer with the Organisation was arrested at the Nigeria - Benin border
while returning from the Commonwealth Summit in Edinburg, Scotland.
6. It is alleged that officers of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
initially arrested Mr. Ogaga.
7. He was first detained at 15 Awolowo Road, Ikoyi, Headquarters of the
State Security Service (SSS) for a few weeks before being transferred to
Ikoyi Prisons, where he was held until April 1998.
8. The Complainant alleges that the victim was detained in a sordid and
dirty cell under inhuman and degrading conditions. He was denied medical
attention and access to his family and lawyer. He was also denied access to
journals, newspapers and books.
9. It is further alleged that he was tortured and rigorously interrogated,
and that at no time during his detention was he informed of any charges
against him, nor were any charges ever brought against him.
10. In another incident which the Complainant contends adds up to the policy
of persecutions on the part of the Respondent State, it is alleged that the
Federal Military Government of Nigeria and its agents, in exercise of the
powers under the State Security (Detention of Persons) Decree No. 2 of 1984
(as amended in 1990), arrested and detained Mr. Olisa Agbakoba without
charge or trial between 8 May and 26 June 1998.
11. It is alleged that Agbakoba, founder and board member of Civil Liberties
Organisation was arrested at Lagos airport on his return from Europe and
detained at the SSS detention centre at Awolowo Road, Ikoyi, Lagos for 5
weeks.
12. On 10th May 1998, Mr. Agbakoba accompanied by officers of the SSS was
brought to the offices of Civil Liberties Organisation for a search of the
premises. Finding few employees present, because it was a non-working day,
they departed.
13. On 11th May 1998, at about 10.30 a.m. Mr. Agbakoba was again brought by
about 30 agents of the SSS, who raided Civil Liberties Organisation�s
headquarters in Lagos, apparently in search of incriminating materials on
the activities of the United Action for Democracy (UAD) and CLO�s
involvement in its activities and rallies against the military dictatorship
of Late General Sani Abacha and his self-succession bid.
14. It is further alleged that for about 7 hours, the agents of SSS carried
out a thorough search on the offices of CLO from room to room, breaking down
doors and ripping open drawers and cabinets in search of documents. During
this time, all the staff present were kept confined to the library, only one
at a time being summoned to assist with the searching of their desks.
15. At the end of the search, thirteen computers, official files and
diskettes were carted away by the SSS operatives. Most of files and
documents were copied and photocopied.
16. Despite various protests by the staff, no warrant of arrest was
presented to justify the search.
17. Furthermore, 5 staff of CLO were arrested and detained at the Awolowo
Road office of the SSS. Three were released the same night, while Mr. Okezie
Ugochukwu and Ibrahim Ismail were detained for 2 days and nights and made to
pass through very horrendous interrogation proceedings.
18. After their release, they were mandated to report on a daily basis to
the SSS office, where they underwent continuing interrogations.
19. The Complainant alleges further that all but one computer were released.
20. It is also alleged that Mr. Agbakoba was later removed to Enugu Prison,
600 km east of Lagos.
21. The Complainant alleges further that throughout his period of detention,
Mr. Agbakoba was neither charged with any crime, nor allowed access to his
family, friends, doctors, or lawyers. He was later released on 26 May 1998.
22. It is alleged that lawsuits were filed at the Federal High Court by Huri-laws
challenging the arrest and detention of Mr. Agbakoba, and by CLO challenging
the arrest and detention of Mr. Ifowodo, but these suits were unsuccessful
since the State Security (Detention of Persons) Decree No. 2 of 1984 oust
the jurisdiction of the regular courts.
COMPLAINT
23. The Complainant alleges violations of articles 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14 and 26
of the Charter.
PROCEDURE
24. At its 25th ordinary session held in Bujumbura, Burundi, the Commission
decided to be seized of the communication, and requested the Secretariat to
notify the Nigerian Government. It also requested the Secretariat to submit
an opinion on the admissibility of the communication, particularly in
accordance with Article 56(7) of the Charter, vis-à-vis Nigeria�s current
political situation.
25. On 19th August 1999, the Secretariat of the Commission notified the
parties of this decision.
26. On 21st October 1999, the Secretariat received a letter from the
Complainant informing it that they would not attend the 26th ordinary
session due to lack of funds, but authorised Ms Julia Harrington of the
Institute for Human Rights and Development to represent them.
27. During the 26th ordinary session held in Kigali, Rwanda, the Secretariat
received a submission from Ms Julia Harrington on Additional Information
relating to the Admissibility of the communication.
28. At its 26th ordinary session held in Kigali, Rwanda, the Commission
declared the communication admissible and requested parties to submit
written arguments on the merit of the case.
29. On 17th January 2000, the Secretariat notified parties of the above
decision.
30. On 17th February 2000, the Secretariat received a Note Verbale from the
High Commission of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in Banjul, referring to
the above Note Verbale and requesting the Commission to forward the
following documents to the country's competent authorities to enable them
prepare for appropriate responses to the alleged violations:
(a) The Draft Agenda for the 27th ordinary session and the letter of
invitation to the session from the Secretariat;
(b) A copy of the complaint that was attached to the Secretariat�s Note;
(c) A copy of the Report of the 26th ordinary session.
31. Further to the above request, the Secretariat of the Commission on 8th
March 2000, forwarded all the documents as requested, except the Report of
the 26th ordinary session, together with a copy of the summary and status of
all pending communications against Nigeria, as well as a copy each of the
three communications (Nos. 218/98, 224/98 and 225/98) as submitted by their
authors.
32. On 21st March 2000, the legal representative of the Complainant sent a
letter to the Secretariat informing it that she would present oral arguments
on the merits of the case and requested for likely dates of such
presentation.
33. By letter of 22nd March 2000, the Secretariat informed her of the
possible date and drew her attention to the necessity of submitting a copy
of the address to it before presentation.
34. At its 27th ordinary session held in Algeria, the Commission deferred
taking a decision on the merits of the case to the 28th ordinary session
scheduled for Republic of Benin.
35. The above decision was communicated to parties on 6th July 2000.
LAW
ADMISSIBILITY
36. At its 25th ordinary session held in Bujumbura, Burundi, the Commission
requested the Secretariat to give its opinion on the effect of article 56(7)
of the Charter in view of the prevailing political situation in Nigeria.
Relying on the case law of the Commission, the Secretariat submitted that
based on the well established principle of international law, a new
government inherits the previous government�s international obligations,
including responsibility for the previous government�s misdeeds (see Krishna
Achutan and Amnesty International/Malawi, communications 62/92, 68/92 and
78/92).
37. The commission has always dealt with communications by deciding upon the
facts alleged at the time of submission of the communication (see
communications 27/89, 46/91 and 99/93). Therefore, even if the situation has
improved, such as leading to the release of the detainees, repealing of the
offensive laws and tackling of impunity, the position still remains that the
responsibility of the present government of Nigeria would still be engaged
for acts of human rights violations which were perpetrated by its
predecessors.
38. Furthermore, it submitted that the Commission should not be swayed by
the political situation in the country as that is capable of foreclosing the
Complainants� right to fair hearing, especially where they may be desirous
of remedying the alleged violations. In any case, it noted that although
Nigeria is now under a democratically elected government, the new
constitution provides by its section 6(6)(d) that no legal action can be
brought to challenge �any existing law made on or after 15th January, 1966
for determining any issue or question as to the competence of any authority
or person to make any such law�.
39. For the above reasons, and also for the fact that, as alleged, there
were no avenues for exhausting local remedies, the Commission declared the
communication admissible.
MERITS
40. The Complainant alleges a violation of article 5 of the Charter with
respect to Mr. Ogaga Ifowodo only. Article 5 states:
Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent
in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of
exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade,
torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be
prohibited.
It is alleged that Mr. Ogaga Ifowodo was detained in a sordid and dirty cell
under inhuman and degrading conditions. Also that being detained
arbitrarily, not knowing the reason or duration of detention, is itself a
mental trauma. Moreover, added to this deprivation of contact with the
outside world and health threatening conditions, it amounts to cruel,
inhuman and degrading treatment.
Principle 1 of the UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons
under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment provides:
All persons under any form of detention or imprisonment shall be treated in
a humane manner and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human
person.
Further, Principle 6 states:
No person under any form of detention or imprisonment shall be subjected to
torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. No
circumstance whatever may be invoked as a justification for torture or other
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
It is worth noting that the term �cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment� is to be interpreted so as to extend to the widest possible
protection against abuses, whether physical or mental (See UN Body of
Principles).
41. The prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment is absolute. However, as observed by the European Court of Human
Rights in Ireland v. United kingdom when called upon to decide on similar
provision of the European Convention on Human Rights ��the treatment
prohibited under Article 3 of the Convention is that which attains a minimum
level of severity and�the assessment of this minimum is, in the nature of
things, relative�. It depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as
the duration of the treatment, its physical or mental effects and, in some
cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim etc." (Judgement of
18th January 1987, series A no. 25 para. 162; see also the European
Commission on Human Rights decision in Jose Antonio URRUTIKOETXEA v. France,
Decision of 5th December 1996, p. 157). The treatment meted out to the
victim in this case constitutes a breach of the provision of Article 5 of
the Charter and the relevant international human rights instruments cited
above. Also the denial of medical attention under health threatening
conditions and access with the outside world do not fall into the province
of �the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the
recognition of his legal status�, nor is it in line with the requirement of
Principles 1 and 6 of the UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All
Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. This, therefore, is a
breach of article 5 of the Charter.
42. The Complainant alleges that the detention of Ogaga Ifowodo and Olisa
Agbakoba under the State Security (Detention of Persons) Decree No. 2 1984
(as amended in 1990) is a violation of their guaranteed right to freedom
from arbitrary detention under Article 6 of the Charter. This is a violation
of Article 6 of the Charter which provides:
Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security of his
person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for the reasons and
conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no one may be
arbitrarily arrested and detained.
43. Closely related to the above violation of Article 6 provision is the
violation of the victims� right to fair hearing. The Complainant states that
up to the date of filing this communication no reason has been given for the
victims� arrest and detention, nor has any charges been pressed against
them.
1. In expounding on the guarantees of the right to fair trial under the
Charter, the Commission observed in its Resolution thus:
�the right to fair trial includes, among other things, the following:
(b) Persons who are arrested shall be informed at the time of arrest, in a
language which they understand of the reason for their arrest and shall be
informed promptly of any charges against them;
44. The failure and/or negligence of the security agents of the Respondent
Government to scrupulously comply with these requirements is therefore a
violation of the right to fair trial as guaranteed under the African
Charter.
45. The Complainant alleges violation of Article 7 (1) (a) and (d) of the
Charter in that Mr. Ifowodo and Agbakoba had no legal remedies available
with which they could challenge their detentions. Further, that the absolute
ouster of the jurisdiction of the court to adjudicate on the legality or
otherwise of acts done under the Decree is a violation of the above
provision, and also a contravention of Article 26 of the Charter.
Article 7(1) of the African Charter states:
Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This
comprises:
(a) The right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts
violating his fundamental rights as recognised and guaranteed by
conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force;
Article 7 (1) (d) states:
Every individual shall have� the right to be tried within reasonable time by
an impartial court or tribunal .
This is reinforced by Paragraph 2 (c) of the Commission�s Resolution on Fair
trial, which provides:
Persons arrested or detained shall be brought promptly before a judge or
other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be
entitled to trial within reasonable time or to be released.
46. The refusal and/or negligence on the part of the Respondent Government
to bring Messrs. Ifowodo and Agbakoba promptly before a judge or other
judicial officer for trial is therefore a violation of Article 7 (1) (d) of
the Charter. This is also in violation of Article 26 which stipulates:
State parties to the present Charter shall have the duty to guarantee the
independence of the courts and shall allow the establishment and improvement
of appropriate national institutions entrusted with the promotion and
protection of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the present Charter.
47. The Complainant contends that CLO is human rights organisation,
permitting its employees the opportunity to work together towards respect
for human rights through organised programmes. Such programmes are aimed at
enlightening the people of their rights. The persecution of its employees
and raids of its offices in an attempt to undermine its ability to function
in this regard, amount to an infringement of Articles 9 and 10 of the
Charter providing for the rights to freedom of expression and association
respectively.
Article 9 of the Charter provides:
Every individual shall have the right to receive information.
Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his
opinions within the law.
48. The complaint above is therefore a violation of this provision. On the
other hand, Article 10 states:
Every individual shall have the right to free association provided that he
abides by the law.
In its Resolution on the Right to Freedom of Association, the Commission
observed thus:
(1) The competent authorities should not override constitutional provisions
or undermine fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution and
international standard;
(2) In regulating the use of this right, the competent authorities should
not enact provisions which would limit the exercise of this freedom;
(3) The regulation of the exercise of the right to freedom of association
should be consistent with State's obligations under the African Charter on
Human and Peoples' Rights.
49. The above acts of the Respondent State constitute a violation of Article
10 of the Charter.
50. The Complainant alleges that the arrest and detention of Messrs Ifowodo
and Agbakoba while returning from trips abroad is a violation of Article 12
(2) of the Charter. In this regard, it is contended that when re-entry
points become sites of frequent harassment and arrest, freedom of movement
is infringed. Further that the Charter provides for restrictions on the
right to freedom of movement only by law for the protection of national
security, law and order, public health or morality. The arrest and
subsequent detentions of the two men is unjustified by any appeal to these
restrictions.
Articles 12 (1) and (2) state:
(4) Every individual shall have the right to freedom of movement and
residence within the borders of a state provided he abides by the law.
(5) Every individual shall have the right to leave any country including his
own, and to return to his country. This right may only be subject to
restrictions, provided for by law for the protection of national security,
law and order, public health or morality.
51. The said encroachment, not being in consonance with the above
restrictions is, therefore a violation of the victims' right to freedom of
movement under Article 12 (1) and (2) of the African Charter.
52. The Complainant alleges that the search without warrant of CLO's
premises and the seizure of its property is a violation of Article 14 of the
Charter. It is contended that Article 14 implies that owners have the right
to undisturbed possession, use and control of their property however they
deem fit.
Article 14 of the African Charter provides:
The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in
the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and
in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
53. The Complainant further contends that no evidence was ever offered of
public need or community interest to justify the search and seizure. The
said encroachment therefore is a violation of Article 14 of the Charter.
54. Unfortunately, to date, the government of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria has neither responded to the Commission's request for additional
information/observations nor for the arguments on the merits of the case. In
these circumstances, the Commission is therefore compelled to accept the
facts of the Complainant as the facts of this case.
FOR THE ABOVE REASONS, THE AFRICAN COMMISSION finds the Federal Government
of Nigeria in violation of Articles 5, 6, 7(1)(a) and (d), 9, 10(1), 12(1)
and (2), and 14 of the African Charter.
Done at the 28th Ordinary Session held in Cotonou, Benin from 23rd October
to 6th November 2000. |
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