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[p.9]
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Having regard to the Application filed in the Registry of the Court at 7.30
p.m. (The Hague time) on 2 March 1999, whereby the Federal Republic of
Germany (hereinafter "Germany") instituted proceedings against the United
States of America (hereinafter "the United States") for "violations of the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations [of 24 April 1963]" (hereinafter the
"Vienna Convention") allegedly committed by the United States. [p 10]
Makes the following Order:
1. Whereas, in its aforementioned Application, Germany bases the
jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court and on Article I of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes, which accompanies the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations ("the Optional Protocol");
2. Whereas, in the Application, it is stated that in 1982 the authorities of
the State of Arizona detained two German nationals, Karl and Walter LaGrand;
whereas it is maintained that these individuals were tried and sentenced to
death without having been informed, as is required under Article 36,
subparagraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention, of their rights under that
provision; whereas it is specified that that provision requires the
competent authorities of a State party to advise, "without delay", a
national of another State party whom such authorities arrest or detain of
the national's right to consular assistance guaranteed by Article 36;
whereas it is also alleged that the failure to provide the required
notification precluded Germany from protecting its nationals' interests in
the United States provided for by Articles 5 and 36 of the Vienna Convention
at both the trial and the appeal level in the United States courts;
3. Whereas, in the Application, Germany states that it had been, until very
recently, the contention of the authorities of the State of Arizona that
they had been unaware of the fact that Karl and Walter LaGrand were
nationals of Germany; whereas it had accepted that contention as true;
however, during the proceedings before the Arizona Mercy Committee on 23
February 1999, the State Attorney admitted that the authorities of the State
of Arizona had indeed been aware since 1982 that the two detainees were
German nationals;
4. Whereas, in the same Application, Germany further states that Karl and
Walter LaGrand, finally with the assistance of German consular officers, did
claim violations of the Vienna Convention before the Federal Court of First
Instance; whereas that court, applying the municipal law doctrine of
"procedural default", decided that, because the individuals in question had
not asserted their rights under the Vienna Convention in the previous legal
proceedings at State level, they could not assert them in the Federal habeas
corpus proceedings; and whereas the intermediate federal appellate court,
last means of legal recourse in the United States available to them as of
right, affirmed this decision;
5. Whereas, the Federal Republic of Germany asks the Court to adjudge and
declare:
"(1) that the United States, in arresting, detaining, trying, convicting and
sentencing Karl and Walter LaGrand, as described in [p 11] the preceding
statement of facts, violated its international legal obligations to Germany,
in its own right and in its right of diplomatic protection of its nationals,
as provided by Articles 5 and 36 of the Vienna Convention,
(2) that Germany is therefore entitled to reparation,
(3) that the United States is under an international legal obligation not to
apply the doctrine of 'procedural default' or any other doctrine of national
law, so as to preclude the exercise of the rights accorded under Article 36
of the Vienna Convention; and
(4) that the United States is under an international obligation to carry out
in conformity with the foregoing international legal obligations any future
detention of or criminal proceedings against any other German national in
its territory, whether by a constituent, legislative, executive, judicial or
other power, whether that power holds a superior or subordinate position in
the organization of the United States, and whether that power's functions
are of an international or internal character;
and that, pursuant to the foregoing international legal obligations,
(1) the criminal liability imposed on Karl and Walter LaGrand in violation
of international legal obligations is void, and should be recognized as void
by the legal authorities of the United States;
(2) the United States should provide reparation, in the form of compensation
and satisfaction, for the execution of Karl LaGrand on 24 February 1999;
(3) the United States should restore the status quo ante in the case of
Walter LaGrand, that is re-establish the situation that existed before the
detention of, proceedings against, and conviction and sentencing of that
German national in violation of the United States' international legal
obligation took place; and
(4) the United States should provide Germany a guarantee of the
non-repetition of the illegal acts";
6. Whereas, on 2 March 1999, after having filed its Application, Germany
also submitted an urgent request for the indication of provisional measures
in order to protect its rights, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the
Court and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court;
7. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures,
Germany refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out and the submissions made therein; and
whereas it affirms in particular that the United States has violated its
obligations under the Vienna Convention;
8. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures of
protection, Germany recalls that Karl LaGrand was executed on 24 February
1999, despite all appeals for clemency and numerous diplomatic interventions
by the German Government at the highest level; whereas the date of execution
of Walter LaGrand in the State of Arizona has been set for 3 March 1999; and
whereas the request for the urgent indication of provisional measures is
submitted in the interest of this latter individual; and whereas Germany
emphasizes that: [p 12]
"The importance and sanctity of an individual human life are well
established in international law. As recognized by Article 6 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, every human being has
the inherent right to life and this right shall be protected by law";
and whereas Germany adds the following:
"Under the grave and exceptional circumstances of this case, and given the
paramount interest of Germany in the life and liberty of its nationals,
provisional measures are urgently needed to protect the life of Germany's
national Walter LaGrand and the ability of this Court to order the relief to
which Germany is entitled in the case of Walter LaGrand, namely restoration
of the status quo ante. Without the provisional measures requested, the
United States will execute Walter LaGrand - as it did execute his brother
Karl - before this Court can consider the merits of Germany's claims and
Germany will be forever deprived of the opportunity to have this status quo
ante restored in the event of a judgment in its favour";
9. Whereas, Germany asks that, pending final judgment in this case, the
Court indicate that:
"The United States should take all measures at its disposal to ensure that
Walter LaGrand is not executed pending the final decision in these
proceedings, and it should inform the Court of all the measures which it has
taken in implementation of that Order";
and whereas it asks the Court moreover to consider its request as a matter
of the greatest urgency "in view of the extreme gravity and immediacy of the
threat of execution of a German citizen";
10. Whereas, on 2 March 1999, the date on which the Application and the
request for provisional measures were filed in the Registry, the Registrar
advised the Government of the United States of the filing of those documents
and sent it forthwith a certified copy of the Application, in accordance
with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and Article 38,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, together with a certified copy of the
request for the indication of provisional measures, in accordance with
Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; [p 11]
11. Whereas, by a letter dated 2 March 1999, the Vice-President of the Court
addressed the Government of the United States in the following terms:
"Exercising the functions of the presidency in terms of Articles 13 and 32
of the Rules of Court, and acting in conformity with Article 74, paragraph
4, of the said Rules, I hereby draw the attention of [the] Government [of
the United States] to the need to act in such a way as to enable any Order
the Court will make on the request for provisional measures to have its
appropriate effects";
and whereas a copy of that letter was transmitted forthwith to the German
Government;
12. Whereas, on 3 March 1999, at 9.00 a.m. (The Hague time), the
Vice-President of the Court received the representatives of the Parties in
order to obtain information from them with regard to the subsequent course
of the proceedings; whereas the representative of the German Government
stated that the Governor of the State of Arizona had rejected a
recommendation by the Mercy Committee that the execution of Walter LaGrand
should be stayed, so that the latter would in consequence be executed this
same day at 3.00 p.m. (Phoenix time); whereas he emphasized the extreme
urgency of this situation; and whereas, referring to the provisions of
Article 75 of the Rules of Court, he asked the Court to indicate forthwith,
and without holding any hearing, provisional measures proprio motu; and
whereas the representative of the United States pointed out that the case
had been the subject of lengthy proceedings in the United States, that the
request for provisional measures submitted by Germany was made at a very
late date and that the United States would have strong objections to any
procedure such as that proposed only that very morning by the representative
of Germany which would result in the Court making an Order proprio motu
without having first duly heard the two Parties;
***
13. Whereas, on a request for the indication of provisional measures the
Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally
satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, but
whereas it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction
of the Court might be founded;
14. Whereas, Article I of the Optional Protocol, which Germany invokes as
the basis of jurisdiction of the Court in this case, is worded as follows:
[p 14]
"Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention
shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice and may accordingly be brought before the Court by an application
made by any party to the dispute being a Party to the present Protocol";
15. Whereas, according to the information communicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary, Germany and the
United States are parties to the Vienna Convention and to the Optional
Protocol;
16. Whereas, in its Application Germany stated that the issues in dispute
between itself and the United States concern Articles 5 and 36 of the Vienna
Convention and fall within the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under
Article I of the Optional Protocol; and whereas it concluded from this that
the Court has the jurisdiction necessary to indicate the provisional
measures requested;
17. Whereas, in the light of the requests submitted by Germany in its
Application and of the submissions made therein, there exists prima facie a
dispute with regard to the Application of the Convention within the meaning
of Article I of the Optional Protocol;
18. Whereas, the Court has satisfied itself that, prima facie, it has
jurisdiction under Article I of the aforesaid Optional Protocol to decide
the dispute between Germany and the United States.
**
19. Whereas, the sound administration of justice requires that a request for
the indication of provisional measures founded on Article 73 of the Rules of
Court be submitted in good time;
20. Whereas, Germany emphasizes that it did not become fully aware of the
facts of the case until 24 February 1999 and that since then it has pursued
its action at diplomatic level;
21. Whereas, under Article 75, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the
latter "may at any time decide to examine proprio motu whether the
circumstances of the case require the indication of provisional measures
which ought to be taken or complied with by any or all of the parties";
whereas a provision of this kind has substantially featured in the Rules of
Court since 1936, and whereas, if the Court has not, to date, made use of
the power conferred upon it by this provision, the latter appears
nonetheless to be clearly established; whereas the Court may make use of
this power, irrespective of whether or not it has been seised by the parties
of a request for the indication of provisional measures; whereas in such a
case it may, in the event of extreme urgency, proceed without holding oral
hearings; and whereas it is for the Court to decide in each case if, in the
light of the particular circumstances of the case, it should make use of the
said power;
22. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures [p 15]
under Article 41 of its Statute is intended to preserve the respective
rights of the parties pending its decision, and presupposes that irreparable
prejudice shall not be caused to rights which are the subject of a dispute
in judicial proceedings; whereas it follows that the Court must be concerned
to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged
by the Court to belong either to the Applicant, or to the Respondent; and
whereas such measures are only justified if there is urgency;
23. Whereas the Court will not order interim measures in the absence of
"irreparable prejudice . . . to rights which are the subject of dispute . .
." (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Interim Protection, Order of 22
June 1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 103; United States Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran, Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December 1979,
I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 19, para. 36; Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia-Herzegovina v.
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April
1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19, para. 34); Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America), Provisional Measures,
Order of 9 April 1998, p. 10, para. 36);
24. Whereas the execution of Walter LaGrand is ordered for 3 March 1999; and
whereas such an execution would cause irreparable harm to the rights claimed
by Germany in this particular case;
25. Whereas the issues before the Court in this case do not concern the
entitlement of the federal states within the United States to resort to the
death penalty for the most heinous crimes; and whereas, further, the
function of this Court is to resolve international legal disputes between
States, inter alia when they arise out of the interpretation or application
of international conventions, and not to act as a court of criminal appeal;
***
26. Whereas, in the light of the aforementioned considerations, the Court
finds that the circumstances require it to indicate, as a matter of the
greatest urgency and without any other proceedings, provisional measures in
accordance with Article 41 of its Statute and with Article 75, paragraph 1,
of its Rules;
27. Whereas measures indicated by the Court for a stay of execution would
necessarily be provisional in nature and would not in any way prejudge
findings the Court might make on the merits; and whereas such measures would
preserve the respective rights of Germany and of the United States; and
whereas it is appropriate that the Court, with the co-operation of the
Parties, ensure that any decision on the merits be reached with all possible
expedition; [p 16]
28. Whereas the international responsibility of a State is engaged by the
action of the competent organs and authorities acting in that State,
whatever they may be; whereas the United States should take all measures at
its disposal to ensure that Walter LaGrand is not executed pending the final
decision in these proceedings; whereas, according to the information
available to the Court, implementation of the measures indicated in the
present Order falls within the jurisdiction of the Governor of Arizona;
whereas the Government of the United States is consequently under the
obligation to transmit the present Order to the said Governor; whereas the
Governor of Arizona is under the obligation to act in conformity with the
international undertakings of the United States;
***
29. For these reasons,
THE COURT
Unanimously,
I. Indicates the following provisional measures:
(a) The United States of America should take all measures at its disposal to
ensure that Walter LaGrand is not executed pending the final decision in
these proceedings, and should inform the Court of all the measures which it
has taken in implementation of this Order;
(b) The Government of the United States of America should transmit this
Order to the Governor of the State of Arizona.
II. Decides, that, until the Court has given its final decision, it shall
remain seised of the matters which form the subject-matter of this Order.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of March, one thousand nine hundred
and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the United States of
America, respectively.
(Signed) Christopher G. Weeramantry,
Vice-President.
(Signed) Eduardo Valencia-Ospina,
Registrar. [p 17]
Judge Oda appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
President Schwebel appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) C.G.W.
(Initialled) E. V.O.
[p 18]
Declaration of judge Oda
1. I voted in favour of the Court's Order with great hesitation as I
considered that the request for the indication of provisional measures of
protection submitted by Germany to the Court should have been dismissed.
However, in the limited time - only several hours - given to the Court to
deal with this matter, I have regrettably found it impossible to develop my
points sufficiently to persuade my colleagues to alter their position.
2. I can, on humanitarian grounds, understand the plight of Mr. Walter
LaGrand and recognize that owing to the fact that Germany filed this request
as late as yesterday evening (namely, at 7.30 p.m. on 2 March 1999), his
fate now, albeit unreasonably, lies in the hands of the Court.
I would like to add, however, that, if Mr. Walter LaGrand's rights as they
relate to humanitarian issues are to be respected then, in parallel, the
matter of the rights of victims of violent crime (a point which has often
been overlooked) should be taken into consideration. It should also be noted
that since his arrest, Mr. Walter LaGrand has been treated in all legal
proceedings in accordance with the American judicial system governed by the
rule of law.
The Court cannot act as a court of criminal appeal and cannot be petitioned
for writs of habeas corpus. The Court does not have jurisdiction to decide
matters relating to capital punishment and its execution, and should not
intervene in such matters. Whether capital punishment would be contrary to
Article 6 of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
is not a matter to be determined by the International Court of Justice - at
least in the present situation.
3. As I stated earlier, Germany's request was presented to the Court at 7.30
p.m. on 2 March 1999 in connection with and at the same time as its
Application instituting proceedings against the United States for violations
of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Mr. Walter LaGrand was
brought to the domestic courts of the United States for the alleged murder
which took place in 1982.
If there was any dispute between Germany and the United States concerning
the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention, it could have
been that the United States was presumed to have violated the Convention at
the time of the arrest of Mr. Walter LaGrand, as the United States did not
inform the German consular officials of that event. [p 19] In fact, the
German consular officials were not aware of the situation until 1992 and
only learned of it from Mr. Walter LaGrand himself.
4. What did Germany ask the Court to decide in its request for the
indication of provisional measures of protection of 2 March 1999? Germany
asked mainly for a decision relating to Mr. Walter LaGrand's personal
situation, namely, his pending execution by the competent authorities of the
State of Arizona, which Germany did not attempt to deal with until
yesterday.
Germany requested the restoration of the status quo ante. However, if
consular contact had occurred at the time of Mr. Walter LaGrand's arrest or
detention, the judicial procedure in the United States domestic courts
relating to his case would have been no different.
5. I would like to turn to some general issues relating to provisional
measures. First, as a general rule, provisional measures are granted in
order to preserve rights of States exposed to an imminent breach which is
irreparable and these rights of States must be those to be considered at the
merits stage of the case, and must constitute the subject-matter of the
application instituting proceedings or be directly related to it. In this
case, however, there is no question of such rights (of States parties), as
provided for by the Vienna Convention, being exposed to an imminent
irreparable breach.
I would like to reiterate that the request for the indication of provisional
measures must essentially be related to the application instituting
proceedings presented by the State. The fact that the United States failed
to notify the German consular authorities of the arrest, detention and trial
of Mr. Walter LaGrand and that Germany did not until yesterday take steps
before this Court, is not - however much it may appear to be - directly
related to the imminent execution of that German national. The purpose of
provisional measures is to preserve the rights of States exposed to an
imminent breach which is irreparable.
6. If the request in the present case had not been granted, the Application
itself would have become meaningless. If that had been the case, then I
would have had no hesitation in pointing out that the request for
provisional measures should not be used to ensure that the main Application
continues. In addition, the request for provisional measures should not be
used by applicants for the purpose of obtaining interim judgments that would
affirm their own rights and predetermine the main case.
If the Court intervenes directly in the fate of an individual, this would
mean some departure from the function of the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations, which is essentially a tribunal set up to settle inter-State
disputes concerning the rights and duties of States. I fervently hope that
this case will not set a precedent in the history of the Court.
While I consider that the International Court of Justice should be uti-[p
20]lized more frequently in the world, I cannot condone the use of the Court
for such matters as the above under the pretext of the protection of human
rights.
7. I have thus explained why I formed the view that, given the fundamental
nature of provisional measures, those measures should not have been
indicated upon Germany's request. I reiterate and emphasize that I voted in
favour of the Order solely for humanitarian reasons.
(Signed) Shigeru Oda
[p 21]
Separate opinion of president Schwebel
The issuance of today's Order indicating provisional measures is
unprecedented. It is to be hoped that it will not form a precedent, for it
departs in critical measure from a basic rule of the judicial process. The
Order has been issued on the basis of one party's views, without hearing the
other. It is unprecedented in a further respect as well, for it is the first
case in which the Court has issued an Order on its own motion, pursuant to
Article 75, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court providing that:
"1. The Court may at any time decide to examine proprio motu whether the
circumstances of the case require the indication of provisional measures
which ought to be taken or complied with by any or all of the parties."
Whether the Court has acted in correct application of that Rule is open to
question. The Rule assumes that the Court may act on its own motion where a
party has not made a request for the indication of provisional measures. But
the Court's consideration of the matter in this case has only been provoked
by Germany's Application and its request for provisional measures. Article
74 of the Rules provides that, where a party makes such a request, the Court
shall arrange "a hearing which will afford the parties an opportunity of
being represented at it". No such hearings have been held, arranged or
contemplated in the current case.
Under Article 75, paragraph l, the Court may issue an order of provisional
measures without giving the parties the opportunity to be heard. That is an
extraordinary power, to be exercised with the utmost caution. There may be
room to question whether sovereign States should be subjected to the Court's
restraints pendente lite without giving them the opportunity to be heard.
But if in extreme circumstances they are to be so subject, then the Court
should act in meticulous conformity with its Rules. Its Rules do not
contemplate it so acting where a party has - as Germany here - made a
request for the indication of provisional measures.
Moreover, the Court has done so on the basis only of Germany's Application.
It has no other pleading, no other basis for the indication of provisional
measures, before it. Is proceeding in this way consistent with fundamental
rules of the procedural equality of the parties?
My doubts are confirmed by a reading of the most authoritative work in the
field, Jerzy Sztucki's Interim Measures in The Hague Court (1983). [p 22]
Professor Sztucki concludes that the Court may indicate provisional measures
proprio motu "without any request for interim measures". He adds that only
such a case "qualifies as an action proprio motu in the meaning of Article
75 (1) of the present Rules", and he reaches that conclusion after a careful
examination of prior versions of the Rules of Court and the pertinent
travaux préparatoires of all versions (at page 158.) But in this case, the
Court has had such a request, and it is on the basis of the contents of
Germany's accompanying Application that the Court has acted - all without
affording the United States a hearing or the opportunity to present written
observations.
Germany could have brought its Application years ago, months ago, weeks ago,
or days ago. Had it done so, the Court could have proceeded as it has
proceeded since 1922 and held hearings on the request for provisional
measures. But Germany waited until the eve of execution and then brought its
Application and request for provisional measures, at the same time arguing
that no time remained to hear the United States and that the Court should
act proprio motu.
I do not oppose the substance of the Court's Order, and accordingly have not
voted against it. I have profound reservations about the procedures followed
both by the Applicant and the Court.
(Signed) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL.
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