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1. The author of the
communication is Shukuru Juma, an Australian citizen born in Tanzania,
currently serving a sentence of life imprisonment at Wolston Correctional
Centre, Queensland, Australia. He claims to be a victim of violations by
Australia of article 14, paragraphs 3(f) and 5, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. He is not represented by counsel.
THE FACTS AS SUBMITTED BY THE AUTHOR
2.1 On 2 February 1997, the author was arrested and brought to Dutton Police
Station where he was charged with murder. On 25 November 1998, he was
convicted of murder and on 26 November 1998 sentenced to life imprisonment.
He appealed against his conviction and applied for an extension of time for
the filing of the appeal to the Court of Appeal. Both his appeal and request
for an extension of time were dismissed on 16 July 1999. The author then
sought special leave to appeal from the High Court of Australia. On 24
November 2000, the High Court dismissed his application.
2.2 From the time of his arrest to the final appeal of his case the author
was not provided with interpretation facilities, despite his requests for an
interpreter at each stage of the proceedings. He claims that he requested
the assistance of an interpreter prior to the interview with the police, and
that he requested interpretation from his lawyer during the trial at first
instance. During the Court of Appeal hearing, the author was provided access
to an interpreter to conduct interpretation by telephone conference.
However, the author refused this facility as the interpreter was not in the
courtroom and he believed that he could not trust him/her. He states that he
refused to talk to the interpreter, as "the police had forced me against my
will to give a record of interview and I was assaulted by… [a Detective] of
the Queensland police". [FN1]
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[FN1] No further information on this point is provided and the author does
not specifically state it as a claim.
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2.3 In his application for special leave to appeal to the High Court, the
author alleged that he was "forced" to accept a legal aid lawyer who was
only assigned to his case on the morning of the appeal, and was, therefore,
unfamiliar with it. In addition, the lawyer refused to refer to the points
of law raised in the application prepared by the author. Also during the
hearing, the author alleges that one of the judges asked on three occasions
where the interpreter was but his counsel merely responded that he knew the
case.
THE COMPLAINT
3.1 The author claims that the State party has violated his right to a "fair
and unbiased trial". In particular, he claims that, as his first language is
Swahili and English only his fourth language, he was unable to understand
what was taking place during the court hearings and unable to understand the
complexities of the legal process. He argues that because he did not
understand what was being said during the proceedings, he agreed with the
questions posed. He claims that because he did not have the assistance of an
interpreter, the State party violated article 14, paragraph 3(f), of the
Covenant.
3.2 The author also claims that the State party violated article 14,
paragraph 5, of the Covenant, but does not explain further how he considers
his rights in this regard to have been violated.
THE STATE PARTY'S SUBMISSION ON THE ADMISSIBILITY AND MERITS OF THE
COMMUNICATION
4.1 By note verbale of 21 December 2001, the State party comments on the
admissibility and merits of the communication. It provides the following
version of the facts, from the author's arrest to his appeal. The author was
born in Tanzania, and arrived in Australia in 1989. His first language is
Swahili.
PRE-TRIAL DETENTION AND INTERVIEW
4.2 The offence took place on 1 February 1997. The author was interviewed
that same evening by the investigating detective, and informed of the
investigation into the murder of Mr. M.. He was placed in custody overnight.
He was questioned by the same detective in a formal record of interview the
following morning. [FN2] He did not request the services of an interpreter
during the interview, nor was he considered by the investigating officers to
require such assistance. He was formally charged with the murder of Mr. M.
on 2 February 1997 and placed in custody on remand on 7 February 1997. [FN3]
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[FN2] The State party provides a copy of the transcript of the police record
of interview.
[FN3] Neither the State party nor the author indicates where the author was
between 2 and 7 February 1997.
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TRIAL AND CONVICTION
4.3 The initial trial started in July 1998, but was aborted due to the
illness of counsel for the co-accused. The second trial started on 9
November 1998 in the Supreme Court of Queensland. The author was provided
with free legal representation. At trial, he gave evidence in person. No
request was made to the trial judge for the assistance of an interpreter,
and the point was never raised before the Court. The record of interview of
2 February 1997 (conducted the morning after the murder) was played to the
jury. The author was convicted of murder on 25 November 1998.
APPEAL
4.4 The author sought leave to appeal his conviction from the Supreme Court
of Queensland to the Court of Appeal, on the ground that his conviction was
unsafe. No particulars were given. The author conducted his appeal in
person. The Court of Appeal arranged for an interpreter to attend by
telephone from Sydney but the author declined this offer. The appeal against
conviction was unanimously dismissed by the Court of Appeal on 16 July 1999.
[FN4] An application for an extension of time within which to apply for
leave to appeal against sentence was refused. On the argument that the
author did not have an interpreter in court and was disadvantaged both in
fully grasping the Crown's case and in giving his own evidence, the Court of
Appeal found that there were no reasonable arguments supporting the appeal.
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[FN4] A copy of the decision of the Court of Appeal is attached to the State
party submissions.
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4.5 The author subsequently sought leave to appeal from the High Court of
Australia [FN5] arguing that he had suffered a miscarriage of justice
because he did not sufficiently understand the trial in which he was
convicted of murder. On 24 November 2000, the High Court dismissed the
application.
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[FN5] The State party has provided a copy of the transcript from the High
Court.
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ON ADMISSIBILITY
5.1 The State party submits that the allegation of a violation of article
14, paragraph 3(f), is inadmissible as incompatible ratione materiae with
the Covenant, and has not been sufficiently substantiated. In the State
party's view, the author's complaint is essentially that he was not able to
speak his native tongue, Swahili, during police investigations or court
proceedings, notwithstanding that the record of interview and the trial
transcript reveal that he could express himself adequately in the court's
official language. It understands the author's notion of a 'fair trial',
within the meaning of article 14 of the Covenant, to suggest a right, in
criminal proceedings, to express oneself in the language in which one
normally expresses oneself, and that the denial of an interpreter in such
circumstances constitutes a violation of article 14, paragraph 3(f).
5.2 The State party recalls the Committee's jurisprudence that this article
does not provide any right to have court proceedings conducted in the
language of one's choice or to express oneself in the language in which one
normally expresses oneself. If members of a linguistic minority or aliens
are sufficiently proficient in the court's official language, they have no
right to the free assistance of an interpreter. [FN6] The State party
submits that the author has not shown that he was unable to address the
police officers and the court in simple but adequate English, and,
accordingly, that he was incapable of being defended without interpretation
before the court.
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[FN6] The State party refers inter alia to the Committee's decisions in
Guesdon v France, Communication No. 219/1986, Views adopted on 25 July 1990;
Cadoret and Le Bihan v France, Communication Nos. 221/1987 and 323/1998,
Views adopted on 11 April 1991; Barzhig v France, Communication No.
237/1998, Views adopted on 11 April 1991.
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5.3 Alternatively, the State party submits that the communication does not
reveal any facts in substantiation of the author's claim that he was unable
to address the investigating police officers, or the courts, in adequate
English. In respect of the record of interview, the State party submits that
the investigating detective asked the author whether or not he understood
the questions put to him, and whether or not he was able to effectively
communicate a response to those questions. In each case, the author affirmed
his ability to understand and communicate in English.
5.4 Concerning the conduct of the trial in the Supreme Court, the State
party notes that the records show that there was no request made either by
the author or his lawyer for an interpreter. The records reveal that the
author understood the questions put to him, and was able to make himself
understood. Those representing the author at trial, and at the High Court
felt that he was able to communicate sufficiently in English. Neither
counsel nor the author, at any stage in the proceedings, requested an
adjournment on the basis that the author did not understand what was going
on. The State party recalls that the author himself gave evidence at the
trial without the assistance of an interpreter and also argued his own case
on appeal, declining the services of an interpreter. In dismissing the
author's appeal, the Court of Appeal found that there was no evidence, at
trial or on appeal, that the author could not communicate in, or comprehend,
English. It noted the Court's observation that the author's counsel did not
find it necessary to obtain an interpreter to receive instructions, nor to
have an interpreter in court during the trial. Even more telling, the State
party submits, was the fact that the author refused the offer to address the
Court in Swahili by utilising the services of an interpreter (as arranged by
the Court). Further, it submits that, the judges of the Court of Appeal who
heard the author in person on appeal said they could understand his
submissions.
5.5 Similarly, the State party refers to the finding of the High Court which
found that there was no merit in the claim, that the author was denied an
interpreter throughout the proceedings, sufficient to cast doubt on the
conviction and to warrant the grant of special leave. Furthermore, it notes
that, the Court was not convinced that English was the author's fourth
language, as claimed, given that he came from Tanzania, where English is
widely spoken. The State party recalls, the Court's observation that the
author had lived in Australia for a number of years before his conviction,
and that no application was made for an interpreter by the applicant or his
counsel at the trial. Besides, the High Court noted that the judges of the
Court of Appeal who heard the applicant in person on the appeal said they
could understand his submissions.
5.6 On the allegation that the author was assaulted by the investigating
detective and forced to participate in a record of interview, the State
party does not understand the author to be making a separate claim in this
respect but to be offering a reason for his refusal to accept the services
of a court-appointed interpreter. However, the State party submits that, to
the extent that these allegations raise the question of violations of
articles 14, paragraph 3(g), 7 and/or 10, paragraph 1, the author has failed
to exhaust domestic remedies in pursuing those allegations, and that
therefore his claim is inadmissible.
5.7 In the alternative, the State party submits that the author has failed
to submit sufficient evidence substantiating his allegation, and that,
therefore, the Committee should declare this allegation inadmissible on the
grounds of non-substantiation. The State party submits the report of the
investigating detective to refute the allegations of coercion and assault.
[FN7]
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[FN7] The State party provides a copy of the report, dated 19 September
2001, prepared by the detective in question describing the procedure and
details behind the arrest and interview of the author in the police station.
Included is a copy of the statement prepared by the investigation detective,
and submitted during the court proceedings.
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5.8 On the alleged violation of article 14, paragraph 5, the State party
submits that, since the author does not give particulars of the basis upon
which he asserts a violation of this article, his allegations in this
respect are inadmissible as incompatible with that provision, and further,
that he has failed to substantiate his claim.
5.9 The State party notes that, the Committee has considered the application
of article 14, paragraph 5 to domestic legal systems and recognised that the
phrase 'according to law' permits States to regulate the domestic modalities
of the exercise of the right of review, provided that they do not so
regulate it as to preclude effective access. [FN8] The State party argues
that "the regulation of the number of appeals heard by the High Court does
not preclude effective access to that court by applicants seeking review of
decisions made by lower courts". [FN9] It submits that it regulates the
exercise of the right to review by the High Court by requiring applicants to
obtain special leave to appeal. In considering whether to grant an
application for special leave to appeal, the High Court may have regard to
any matters that it considers relevant but shall have regard to: a. whether
the proceedings in which the judgment to which the application relates was
pronounced involve a question of law: 1. that is of public importance,
whether because of its general application or otherwise; or 2. in respect of
which a decision of the High Court, as final appellate court, is required to
resolve differences of opinion between different courts, or within the same
court, as to the state of the law; and b. whether the interests of the
administration of justice, either generally or in the particular case,
require consideration by the High Court of the judgment to which the
application relates. In addition to these mandatory factors, the High Court
will take into consideration whether: judgment from which appeal is sought
is correct or unattended with sufficient doubt; there are insufficient
prospects of success of an appeal; the proposed appeal exclusively involves
questions of fact; the proposed appeal is not a suitable vehicle for
determination of the point sought to be agitated; and there is a real
possibility of a miscarriage of justice. The State party recalls that the
conformity of this requirement with the protection guaranteed by article 14,
paragraph 5, was previously considered by the Committee in Pereira v
Australia, [FN10] where the Committee observed that article 14, paragraph 5
does not require an appellate court to "proceed to a factual retrial, but
that a Court conduct an evaluation of the evidence presented at the trial
and of the conduct of the trial".
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[FN8] The State party refers to HRC, General Comment 13/21 of 12 April 1984,
para. 17. 'Domestic modalities' include matters such as the procedures of
appeal, access to and the powers of reviewing tribunals, requirements for
appeals, and the way in which the procedure before the review tribunal takes
account of the fair and public hearing requirements of article 14, paragraph
1. It also refers to Consuelo Salgar de Montejo v Colombia, Communication
No. 064/1979, Views adopted on 24 March 1982.
[FN9] The State party also refers to the Article 2(1) of Protocol No. 7 to
the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms ('the European Convention') which states that:
'Everyone convicted of a criminal offence by a tribunal shall have the right
to have his conviction or sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal. The
exercise of his right, including the grounds on which it may be exercised,
shall be governed by law.' In applying this provision, the European
Commission on Human Rights (ECHR) has held that it is sufficient for a State
to limit a right of appeal to questions of law.
FN10 Communication No. 536/1993, Inadmissibility decision adopted on 28
March 1995.
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5.10 The State party further submits that the High Court is the most
appropriate body to determine whether or not there are sufficient grounds
for granting special leave to appeal, and, in particular, whether the
circumstances of a particular case are such as to warrant the utilisation of
the full resources of the High Court. To the extent that the author's
communication would require the Committee to assess the substantive, rather
than the procedural, correctness of the decision of the High Court, the
State party submits that this would require the Committee to exceed its
proper functions under the Optional Protocol. In this respect, it refers to
the Committee's jurisprudence. [FN11]
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[FN11] Maroufidou v Sweden, Communication No. 58/1979, Views adopted on 9
April 1981.
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5.11 The State party refers to the Committee's jurisprudence that States
parties cannot be held accountable for decisions that lawyers may choose to
make when exercising their professional judgement, unless it is manifestly
evident that counsel acted in a manner contrary to his or her client's
interests. [FN12] With respect to the contention that the author did not
have an effective appeal since the High Court did not re-examine witnesses
and counsel did not advance proper grounds of appeal, the Committee has held
that these allegations do not in themselves support the contention that the
author did not have a review of his sentence by a higher tribunal according
to law. [FN13]
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[FN12] The State party refers to Tomlin v Jamaica, Communication No.
589/1994, Views adopted on 16 July 1996.
[FN13] The State party refers to Tomlin v Jamaica, Communication No.
589/1994, Views adopted on 16 July 1996.
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5.12 With respect to the adequacy of the review process available to the
author, the State party submits that the fact that his application for
special leave to appeal was dismissed by the High Court cannot, by itself
constitute, evidence that he was not afforded an adequate and sufficient
right to review. The State party submits that no issue arises from a
limitation of appeals to questions of law. Although the fact that no legal
questions are raised in an appeal is one factor that might influence the
High Court to dismiss an application for special leave in a particular case,
an application for special leave to appeal to the High Court is not
exclusively restricted to questions of law. Similarly, the fact that the
High Court is generally deferential to the findings of fact made by the
lower court does not mean that the Court will not review such findings if
the circumstances of the case so demand. The recognised ground for granting
special leave to appeal namely a 'real possibility of miscarriage of
justice' indicates that the High Court will undertake a consideration of the
facts if so required. [FN14]
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[FN14] As an example, the State party refers to, Chamberlain v The Queen
(No. 2) (1984) 153 CLR 521, where the High Court quashed the conviction on
the ground that the evidence presented to the jury at trial failed to
establish beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of the accused; M v The Queen
(1994) 181 CLR 487.
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5.13 The State party submits that no question arises regarding the author
being denied 'effective access' to the High Court. It argues that he had
access to the reasons for the judgment of the court from which appeal was
sought; he had sufficient time in which to prepare his appeal; he had access
to counsel, and he was entitled to, and did, make submissions to the Court.
5.14 The State party understands the author's claim that the High Court
Registrar "forced" him to accept the assistance of a solicitor who did not
know the particulars of his case and who refused to use the points of law
raised in his application, to be an extension of the alleged denial of the
right of review, and not a separate allegation. However, to the extent that
this claim raises issues under article 14, paragraphs 3(d), and (b)
regarding the preparation of a defence, the State party submits the claim is
incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of the Covenant, and is
therefore inadmissible.
5.15 The State party disputes the claim that the Registrar of the High Court
forced the author to accept the assistance of counsel. Rather, the author
agreed to accept the pro bono services of counsel in lieu of representing
himself. [FN15] The State party submits that, in any event, the right of the
accused to choose his or her own lawyer is not absolute.
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[FN15] The State party submits a copy of the letter from the Acting Chief
Executive and Principal Registrar of the High Court to the author, dated 24
August 2001, in which it is explained that the author was given the choice
of either appearing for himself with an interpreter or being represented by
counsel and was in no way "forced" to accept the representation of counsel.
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ON THE MERITS
5.16 On the claim of a violation of article 14, paragraph 3 (f), the State
party reiterates its arguments on the admissibility of this claim. It refers
to the author's allegation that "the high court judge asked three times
where the interpreter was and the solicitor said that he knew the case,
[sic]" and asserts that, contrary to this allegation, the transcript of the
application for special leave to the High Court shows that the judge asked
at one point only whether or not the applicant had an interpreter. The judge
was informed by the respondent that the Court had arranged for an
interpreter by telephone line to be made available if necessary, but the
author's counsel felt that he had received sufficient instructions to put
the matter before the Court. Satisfied with this response, the High Court
reconsidered the author's application for leave to appeal and ultimately
dismissed it.
5.17 While Australian law does not give everyone a right to speak his or her
own language in court (which the Committee has held does not per se violate
article 14) [FN16] those unable to speak or understand English are provided
with the services of an interpreter. Such assistance would have been
available to the author, had the facts required it. Australian law
recognises that the provision of an interpreter is a matter which arises at
earlier stages of the criminal justice process than the appearance of the
accused in court. Thus, Section 101 of the Police Powers and
Responsibilities Act 1997 (Qld) provides that a police officer must arrange
for the presence of an interpreter if he or she reasonably suspects a person
in custody is unable, because of inadequate knowledge of the English
language, or a physical disability, to speak with reasonable fluency in
English. Regulation 73 of the Police Responsibilities Code in Schedule 2 of
the Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 1997, states, in subparagraph
(2), that the investigating police officer may ask questions that indicate
whether or not the person in custodies is inter alia, capable of
understanding the questions put to him or her. The State party argues that
from the record of interview, one cannot infer that the investigating
detective should have suspected that the author had an inadequate knowledge
of English to speak with "reasonable fluency in the language." Finally,
Section 131A(1) of the Evidence Act 1977 (Qld) provides that in a criminal
proceeding, a court may order the State to provide an interpreter for a
complainant, defendant or witness, if the court is satisfied that the
interests of justice so require. According to the State party, Section 131A
is compatible with article 14, paragraph 3 (f) of the Covenant, and, given
the broad coverage of the 'interests of justice', goes even further in its
protection of the accused.
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[FN16] The State party refers to Communication No. 219/1986, supra
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5.18 On the author's claim of a violation of article 14, paragraph 5, the
State party submits, that the Committee should dismiss the claim as
unmeritorious for the reasons set out above (paras. 5.8 to paras. 5.13).
COMMENTS BY THE AUTHOR
6.1 By letter of March 2002, the author responded to the State party
submissions. He contests the State party's arguments on admissibility and
merits and reiterates his two claims of a violation of article 14,
paragraphs 3(f) and 5. He also gives detailed information on statements in
the trial transcripts made by the investigating detective and the witnesses
which, according to him, shows that they were all inconsistent and
unreliable in their testimony.
6.2 On the issue of his treatment by the investigating detective, the author
reiterates that he "was assaulted during his police interview by him." He
states that he was asked during the trial to identify the person who
assaulted him and he identified the investigating detective.
6.3 In addition, the author contends that he thinks the reason his lawyer
did not request an interpreter during the trial was because of the costs
involved. He notes that while English is widely spoken in Tanzania this does
not mean that everyone speaks or understands it. He admits that "he could
express himself reasonably, but at no time did he have much comprehension of
the proceedings," and adds that in his summing-up the trial judge should
have requested the jury to take into account his difficulties with the
English language.
6.4 Finally, he argues, without giving further details, that the jury was
prejudiced against him because of circumstantial evidence, and because he is
black and had language difficulties.
ISSUES AND PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION OF ADMISSIBILITY
7.1 Before considering any claim contained in a communication, the Human
Rights Committee must decide, in accordance with rule 87 of its rules of
procedure, whether the claim is admissible under the Optional Protocol to
the Covenant.
7.2 As required under article 5, paragraph 2(a) of the Optional Protocol,
the Committee has ascertained that the same matter is not being examined
under another international procedure of investigation or settlement.
7.3 With respect to the claim that the author was denied the services of an
interpreter, the Committee finds that the author has failed to substantiate
his claim sufficiently, for the purposes of admissibility. It notes from the
documentation provided that the author could express himself adequately in
English, that he did not apply for an interpreter during the trial at which
he gave evidence, that he refused the assistance of an interpreter during
the Court of Appeal hearing at which he represented himself, and that he
concedes in his response to the State party's submission that "he could
express himself reasonably" in the English language. The Committee reaffirms
that the requirement of a fair hearing does not obligate States parties to
make the services of an interpreter available ex officio or upon application
to a person whose mother tongue differs from the official court language, if
such person is otherwise capable of expressing himself adequately in the
official language of the court. [FN17] The Committee therefore finds this
part of the claim inadmissible as incompatible with the provisions of the
Covenant, pursuant to article 3 of the Optional Protocol.
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[FN17] Communication No. 219/1986, Guesdon v. France, Views adopted on 25
July 1990.
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7.4 With respect to the issue of the alleged assault on the author by the
investigating detective, the Committee observes that it remains unclear
whether the author claims a separate violation of the Covenant in this
regard, or whether it is merely a reason why he refused the services of an
interpreter during his Court of Appeal hearing. In any event, the Committee
finds that neither has the author demonstrated that he has exhausted
domestic remedies in this respect, nor has he substantiated his claim for
the purposes of admissibility. A mere allegation with no further information
on the facts is insufficient to raise a claim under the Covenant. The
Committee therefore finds any claim of ill-treatment by the police
inadmissible under articles 2, and 5, paragraph 2 (b) of the Optional
Protocol.
7.5 With respect to the issue of a violation of article 14, paragraph 5, the
Committee observes that it is not clear from the author's submission on what
grounds he makes such a claim. This article protects his right to have his
conviction and sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal. It appears that his
claim relates to the dismissal by the High Court of his application for
special leave to appeal as well as the fact that he was allegedly "forced"
to accept a legal aid lawyer who was entrusted to his case only the day
before his application to the High Court and during the hearing his lawyer
allegedly failed to bring up the arguments outlined in the author's
application. The Committees notes that the mere dismissal of a request for
special leave to appeal is not sufficient to demonstrate that there has been
a violation of article 14, paragraph 5. It recalls [FN18] that this article
does not require an appellate court to proceed to a factual retrial, "but
that it conduct an evaluation of the evidence presented at the trial and of
the conduct of the trial". The Committee notes from the judgment of the
Court of Appeal that it did evaluate the evidence against the author and
specifically dealt with the author's main claim that he should have been
provided with an interpreter. The High Court also examined this claim and
rejected it. The Committee also observes that the complaints made against
counsel do not support the allegation of a violation of article 14,
paragraph 5. It, therefore, finds this part of the communication
inadmissible on the grounds of insufficient substantiation, under article 2
of the Optional Protocol.
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[FN18] Perera v. Australia, Communication No. 536/1993, Inadmissibility
Decision adopted on 28 March 1995.
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7.6 To the extent that the author's arguments relating to counsel's
involvement in his application to the High Court may raise an issue under
article 14, paragraphs 3 (b) and (d), the Committee finds that the author
has failed to substantiate any such claim. Similarly, the Committee finds
that the new claim of "racial prejudice" raised by the author in his letter
of March 2002 has also not been substantiated. These claims are therefore
inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol.
8. The Human Rights Committee therefore decides that:
(a) The communication is inadmissible under articles 2, 3 and 5, paragraph 2
(b) of the Optional Protocol;
(b) This decision be communicated to the author and to the State party.
_____________________________
[Adopted in English, French and Spanish, the English text being the original
version. Subsequently to be issued in Arabic, Chinese and Russian as part of
the Committee's annual report to the General Assembly.]
Pursuant to rule 85 of the Committee's rules of procedure, Mr. Ivan Shearer
did not participate in the adoption of the decision. |
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