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SUMMARY OF THE FACTS
1. On March 14, 1995 the Complainant brought a case against the Republic of
Congo and the Municipal Office of Brazzaville before the Court of First
Instance of Brazzaville, sitting on civil matters, with a view to obtaining
the recognition of the responsibility of the Congolese Republic, as well as
reparation for the damage caused to his personal property and real estate
following barbaric acts carried out by soldiers, armed bands and
uncontrolled elements of the Congolese National Police Force, during the
socio-political upheavals that took place in the country in 1993.
2. On February 18, 1997 the civil division of the Court of First Instance
passed a ruling ordering the Congolese Republic and the Municipal Office of
Brazzaville to pay the following amounts:
Principal amount for all the damage caused: 180,000,000 FCFA
Damages: 15,000,000 FCFA
Amount representing legal costs: 7,000 FCFA
Total amount: 195,037,000 FCFA
That is the equivalent of 297,333.98 Euros, the whole being immediately
enforceable.
3. On March 19, 1997, the ruling became legally binding and a certificate of
no-appeal was issued to the Complainant (see file).
4. In a letter dated May 20, 1999, the Minister of Justice asked the
Minister of Economy, Finance and Budget of Congo to enforce the ruling.
However, in a letter dated December 30, 1999, the Minister of Economy,
Finance and Budget refused to execute the ruling, for no apparent reason.
COMPLAINT
5. The Complainant alleges the violation of Articles 2, 3 and 21(2) of the
African Charter. The Complainant is asking the African Commission to
recommend to the Republic of Congo Brazzaville to comply with the ruling
which has been passed on behalf of the Congolese people, and to comply at
the same time with the provisions of the Charter to which it is signatory.
PROCEDURE
6. The Complaint was received by the Secretariat of the African Commission
on 27th June 2002.
7. On 1st August 2002, the Secretariat wrote to the Complainant informing
him that the Complaint was registered and that it would be considered at the
Commission's 32nd Ordinary Session, which was scheduled to take place from
17th to 31st October 2002 in Banjul, The Gambia.
8. At its 32nd Ordinary Session held from 17th - 23rd October 2002 in
Banjul, The Gambia, the African Commission considered the Complaint and
decided to be seized thereof.
9. On October 30, 2002 the Secretariat communicated the above decision to
the Parties and requested them to submit in writing, their observations on
the matter of exhaustion of local remedies. The Secretariat also sent a copy
of the Communication to the Respondent State.
10. The Complainant sent his comments on admissibility to the Secretariat in
a letter dated 17th December 2002.
11. On 24th March 2003, a reminder was sent by Note Verbale to the
Respondent State, requesting its comments on admissibility to be sent to the
Secretariat of the Commission.
12. On 25th March 2003, the Secretariat sent the Complainant's observations
to the Respondent State and reminded the latter to send its observations
concerning the exhaustion of local remedies before the 15th April 2003.
13. During the 33rd Ordinary Session held from 15th to 29th May 2003 in
Niamey, Niger, the African Commission considered the Communication and
deferred its decision on admissibility to the 34th Ordinary Session. The
Parties were requested to send further information on the procedure to be
followed for the recovery of the debt.
14. On 23rd June 2003, the Secretariat informed the Parties of this decision
and requested the Respondent State to submit its observations on the
admissibility of the Communication within three (3) months from the date of
the receipt of this Note, and to include the details of Congo's legislation
on the matter of debt recovery.
15. On 22nd September 2003, the Secretariat again contacted the Parties
involved in the Communication and requested them to submit their written
observations on admissibility.
16. On 6th October 2003, the Secretariat received written submissions from
the Complainant.
17. The Secretariat acknowledged receipt of the Complainant's submissions on
15th October 2003 and on the same date forwarded the said submissions to the
Respondent State reminding it to forward its written submission with regard
to admissibility and to provide more information on all the local remedies
available in the context of debt recovery in Congolese legislation.
18. On the 4th November 2003, the Secretariat of the African Commission
received written observations from the Respondent State.
19. During the 34th Ordinary Session of the African Commission held from 6th
to 20th November 2003 in Banjul, The Gambia, the Respondent State made an
oral presentation of its grounds of defence on the admissibility of the
Communication.
20. After consideration of the Communication during its 34th Ordinary
Session, the African Commission decided to defer its decision to the 35th
Ordinary Session in order to allow the plaintiff time to submit his written
observations on the admissibility of the Communication, taking into account
the observations of the Respondent State.
21. On 7th December 2003, the Secretariat notified the Parties of the
decision of the African Commission and sent to the Complainant a copy of the
observations submitted by the Respondent State.
22. On 9th March 2004, the Secretariat of the African Commission informed
the Parties that consideration of the admissibility of the Communication was
scheduled for the 35th Ordinary Session. The Complainant was requested to
send his reaction to the written observations submitted by the Respondent
State.
23. On 30th march and 5th April 2004, the Secretariat of the African
Commission received the observations from the Complainant on the matter of
admissibility. These observations were forwarded by DHL to the Respondent
State on the 30th April 2004.
24. During the 35th Ordinary Session held in Banjul from 21st May to 4th
June 2004, the African Commission heard oral submissions from the Respondent
State. After having considered the Communication, the African Commission
declared it admissible.
25. On 18th June 2004, the Secretariat of the African Commission informed
the Parties of the Commission's decision and requested them to submit more
information on the merits of the Communication.
26. A reminder was sent to both Parties on 6th September 2004.
27. On the 28th October 2004, the Secretariat of the Commission received the
written observations from the Complainant on the merits of the Communication
and acknowledged receipt thereof.
28. During the 36th Ordinary Session held from 23rd November to 7th December
2004 in Dakar, Senegal, the African Commission considered the Communication
and deferred its consideration on the merits to the 37th Ordinary Session.
29. By correspondence of 20th December 2004, the Secretariat of the
Commission informed Parties to the Communication of the above decision.
30. On 10th March 2005, the Secretariat of the Commission conveyed the
comments of the Complainant to the Respondent State reminding it to send its
written arguments as early as possible.
31. During the 37th Ordinary session held from 27 April to 11 May 2005 in
Banjul, the Gambia, the African Commission considered the communication and
decided to defer its consideration on the merits to the 38th ordinary
session.
32. By correspondence dated 28 June 2005, the Secretariat of the African
Commission informed the parties of the decision of the African Commission
and requested the Respondent State to submit its arguments on the merits of
the case within two months.
33. The Secretariat of the Commission sent a reminder to the Respondent
State on 10 October 2005.
34. At its 38th Ordinary Session held from 21st November to 5th December
2005, the African Commission decided to defer its decision on the merits to
the 39th Ordinary Session.
35. On 15th December 2005, the Secretariat of the Commission conveyed this
decision on deferment to the Parties.
36. At its 39th ordinary session held in Banjul, The Gambia from 11 - 25 May
2006, the African Commission considered the communication and decided to
defer its decision on the merits to its 40th ordinary session.
37. By Note Verbale of 14 July 2006 and by letter of the same date, both
parties were notified of the Commission's decision.
38. At its 40th Ordinary Session held from 15 - 29 November 2006 in Banjul,
The Gambia, the African Commission considered the communication and took a
decision on the merits.
LAW
ADMISSIBILITY
39. The admissibility of Communications submitted in conformity with Article
55 of the Charter is governed by the conditions spelt out by Article 56 of
the same Charter. According to paragraph 56(5), communications can only be
considered if they are submitted "after the exhaustion of local remedies, if
any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged".
40. According to Article 56(2), communications brought before the African
Commission shall be "compatible with the Charter of the Organisation of
African Unity of with the present Charter", and in terms of Article 56(5),
communication will not be examined unless they "are sent after exhausting
local remedies, if any unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly
prolonged".
41. The Complainant has submitted evidence that he brought an action before
the Court of First Instance which delivered a ruling on the 18th February
1997, condemning the Respondent State to pay to him the amount of
195,037,000 FCFA, namely the equivalent of 297,333.98 Euros. This judgment
was not contested by the Respondent State. A certificate of no appeal had
been delivered to the Complainant by the Registrar of the Court.
42. The Complainant added the certificate of no appeal to the case file,
which means that the judgment is final and should be executed. He produced
supporting documents certifying that the file had been forwarded by the
Ministry of Justice to the Ministry of the Economy, Finances and Budget for
execution. The Complainant alleges that despite several notices sent
requesting it to honour its debt, the Respondent State has refused to
comply.
43. The Complainant alleges that the ruling, in relation to which execution
is being called for is final and binding. He contends that the certificate
of no appeal added to the case file legally establishes that there are no
other remedies to be brought against the said ruling.
44. The Complainant alleges that in a country where the rule of law exists,
the fact that an Administrative Officer refuses to execute a decision of the
Court against which there are no more legal remedies, is a constitutive case
of criminal offence.
45. The Respondent State, in making an oral presentation of its grounds of
defence before the African Commission during its 34th Ordinary Session, did
not contest the facts of the Complaint. It however raised a plea of
inadmissibility regarding the Complainant's request on the grounds that the
rule of exhaustion of local remedies had not been observed.
46. Regarding the incompatibility with the Charter, the Congolese State
alleges that the object of the communication does not fall under the
jurisdiction devolving on the Commission in terms of Article 45 of the
Charter that is to promote and protect human and peoples' rights in Africa.
According to the State,
"...The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights has established a
non-jurisdictional mechanism to guarantee rights and freedoms, the decisions
of the latter having just a moral significance and are not binding.
Therefore, the Commission could not turn into a jurisdiction to consider
requests for the payment of money against states."
47. The Commission observes that the communication is based on allegations
of violation of provisions of the Charter which it has the mandate to
promote and protect. As the State itself acknowledged it in its submission,
the African Commission "controls the conformity of State Parties actions to
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights". The Commission finds that in
the case under consideration, in seizing the Commission, the complainant
does not have any other intention than to request the latter to play its
role by controlling the conformity to Articles 2, 3 and 21(2) of the Charter
of a action (the refusal to enforce a court decision in favour of the
complainant) of a State party (the Republic of Congo). The Commission
concludes that the object of the communication falls under its mandate and,
as a result, finds that the communication is compatible with the Charter.
48. Regarding the exhaustion of local remedies, the Respondent State
contends that the Complainant had a remedy against the refusal of the
Minister of the Economy, Finances and Budget to execute this ruling in
accordance with the provisions of Articles 405 to 409 of the Code of Civil,
Commercial, Administrative and Financial Procedure. These Articles stipulate
that: "any citizen who is qualified and so wishes has the right to bring an
appeal for annulment against any regulatory or individual decision by an
administrative Authority. Such an appeal must be brought within two (2)
months from the date of the publication or notification of the grievance on
the one hand, and exceptionally within four (4) months in case of silence
from the administration which is interpreted as an implicit dismissal, on
the other..." .
49. Article 410 of the same Code adds: « Nonetheless, before applying for
the annulment of an administrative decision, the interested Party may
present, within 2 months, an appeal to a higher or the same administrative
Authority to cancel the said decision. In such a case, the application for
annulment will only be effective either from the date of the notification of
the dismissal of the administrative appeal, or on the expiry of the 4 months
stipulated in the Article 408 mentioned above".
50. The Respondent State alleges that in the case under consideration,
starting from the date of the notification of the unjustified dismissal of
his case by the Minister for Economy, Finance and Budget, the Complainant
should have, within 2 months, brought an appeal either to the same
administrative authority, or to the Head of Government as a higher
administrative authority.
51. The Respondent State contends that such an early administrative appeal
would have allowed the Complainant to have the negative decision annulled.
Otherwise, the Complainant should have secured the real grounds for the
dismissal of his claims to allow him make a submission for an annulment at
the expiry of the above mentioned deadlines.
52. The Respondent State alleges that since the refusal of the Minister was
an administrative decision, the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court
was competent to deal with its annulment, in accordance with the provisions
of Article 3 of law No. 17-99 of 15th April 1999 modifying and supplementing
certain provisions of law No. 025-92 of 20th August 1992 and law No. 30-94
of 18th October 1994 governing the organisation and functioning of the
Supreme Court. This Article stipulates that: "the Supreme Court shall rule
on appeals relating to abuses of power lodged against decisions from various
Authorities".
53. Finally the Respondent State stresses that the Complainant, an attorney
by profession, is hardly ignorant of the procedural subtleties of Congolese
law and that under the circumstances, he should have submitted his
grievances beforehand to the Congolese Courts which have primacy over
subsidiary international appeals.
54. The Respondent State concluded that the Complainant did not resort to
any internal remedy after the administrative decision rejecting his case
and, in consequence, did not comply with one of the essential rules
governing the admissibility of Communications before the African Commission,
namely that of exhaustion of local remedies.
55. All the conditions laid down by Article 56 have been fulfilled by this
Communication. However, the rule stipulating the exhaustion of local
remedies as a requirement for the submission of a Communication before the
African Commission assumes that the Respondent State should first of all
have the opportunity to compensate, by its own means and within the context
of its system of domestic law, for any prejudice that may have been caused
to an individual.
56. The African Commission, in Communications 48/90, 50/91 and 89/93 Amnesty
International & al./Sudan, ruled that all local remedies, if they exist, if
they are of a legal nature, are effective and are not subordinate to the
discretionary power of the public Authorities, should be exhausted.
57. The Commission is of the view that the Complainant has exhausted all
local remedies in endeavouring to assert his right to compensation for the
prejudice suffered and rejects the Respondent State's claims that he should
have appealed against the decision of the Minister before seizing the
Commission.
58. The Commission notes that no strict legal provision grants the Minister
responsible for the budget any authority to refuse to pay damages which are
legally granted. The execution of the judgments made against the Respondent
State therefore appears to be subject to the regular procedure provided for
in the Administrative Procedure Code (Article 293 and the following ones).
59. Under these circumstances, the question which arises is whether the
Complainant should have initiated the procedures of forced execution against
the Respondent State as provided for by the Administrative Procedure Code.
The Commission considers that it is unreasonable to require from a citizen
who has won the case of a payable debt against the State at the end of a
legal proceedings to institute procedures of seizure against it (assuming
that it is possible to resort to this means of imposition against the public
Authorities). As it happened, the Complainant, having duly notified his
judgment to the competent Authorities in accordance with the relevant
Articles of the Administrative Procedure Code, he had a right to expect the
immediate execution of his judgment. [FN1]
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[FN1] See the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case
Metaxas v Greece, 8415/02, 27 May 2004, para 19.
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60. The Commission is of the view that the Minister had not right to hinder
or delay the execution of a final judgment without legitimate reason. The
Commission observes that the decision of the Minister was unjustified and
that the Respondent State did not, at any time try to clarify to the
Commission the reasons for the refusal by its Officer. In this context, the
Commission supports the position of the European Court according to which
even the inability of the Respondent State to pay could not justify the
refusal by the Minister to execute a final judgment. [FN2]
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[FN2] Burdov v Russia, 59498/03, 7 May 2002, para 34 and Ruianu v Romania,
34647/97, 17 June 2003.
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61. Furthermore, the Commission considers that the appeal provided for in
Article 402 of the Administrative Procedure Code does not constitute a legal
remedy which can be used by the Complainant. The Commission reiterates that
local remedies, if any, should be legal, effective and not subject to the
discretionary powers of the public Authorities. Concerning the appeal for
annulment provided for in Article 410 of the Administrative Procedure Code,
the Commission is not convinced that it would have allowed the Complainant
to gain satisfaction. Even a ruling by the Supreme Court setting aside the
unjustified decision of the Minister would have given the Complainant the
power to demand the execution of his judgment without however providing him
with any means to enforce this ruling. Under these circumstances, the
Commission considers this remedy as ineffective.
62. In conclusion, even assuming that the above-mentioned appeals had
enabled the Complainant to recover his debt, the Commission observes that
the Complainant had not been informed of the reasons underlying the decision
of the Minister, a decision about which, moreover, he does not appear to
have been notified.
63. For these reasons and considering the fact that the Complainant had duly
exhausted all local remedies, the African Commission declares the
Communication admissible.
THE MERITS
64. The Complainant alleges the violation of Article 2 of the African
Charter which stipulates that "Every individual has the right to enjoy the
rights and freedoms recognised and guaranteed in the present Charter..." and
the violation of Article 3 of the African Charter which stipulates that "Every individual shall be equal before the law, every individual shall be
entitled to equal protection of the law".
65. The Complainant contends that the Respondent State does not treat its
citizens in the same manner and does not guarantee the total equality of its
citizens before the law by leaving it to the discretion of the Minister of
the Economy, Finances and the Budget to choose which judgments to honour. In
support of his allegations, he alludes to the letter of the Permanent
Secretary of the Minister dated 30th December 1999 which rejects, without
justification, the request for execution of his judgment and those of two
other people.
66. It is important to point out here that a judgment rendered in the
presence of both Parties had jointly and severally condemned the Republic of
Congo and the Mayor's Office of Brazzaville to pay the Complainant the
amounts of 180,000,000 FCFA representing principal and 15,000,000 FCFA
representing damages and interest, in compensation for the prejudice caused
to his personal assets and property by the soldiers and officers of the
national Police Force during the socio-political upheavals of 1993. Neither
the Republic of Congo, nor the Brazzaville Mayor's Office lodged an appeal
against the judgment, so that the latter became final on the 19th March
1997. On the 30th December 1999, with no apparent reason, the Permanent
Secretary of the Minister of the Economy, Finances and Budget informed the
Minister of Justice about his refusal to execute the judgment of the
Complainant.
67. The Respondent State does not oppose the facts alleged in this
Communication but refutes the allegations of discrimination. It retorts that
the three individuals affected by the Minister's refusal do not come from
the same ethnic group or region nor do they share the same religion or
political opinion. One of the individuals concerned is even said to be a
former Minister of the Government who was actually holding office at the
time of the rejection. Under the circumstances, the Congolese State contends
that the Communication constitutes an abuse of rights in terms of Article
144, paragraph (c) of the African Commission's Rules of Procedure.
68. The two provisions cited by the Complainant repose, on the one hand, on
the principle of non-discrimination and on the other, on that of equality.
These principles mean that citizens should be treated in a fair and
equitable manner before the law and have the right to enjoy, with no
distinction whatsoever, the rights guaranteed by the Charter. The right to
equality is all the more important since it determines the possibility for
the individual to enjoy many other rights.
69. Like Article 14 of the European Convention, Article 2 does not stipulate
a general banning of discrimination; it only prohibits discrimination where
it affects the enjoyment of a right or freedom guaranteed by the Charter.
The Commission considers that the Complainant has not adequately supported
his claims of discrimination to show that this Article has been violated;
besides, his not having proven how the enjoyment of one of the rights
guaranteed by the Charter had been hindered in a discriminatory manner, his
Complaint is not based on any of the grounds of discrimination listed out in
Article 2 or on grounds similar to the latter.
70. Nonetheless, the Commission notes that Article 3 of the African Charter
contains a general guarantee of equality which supplements the ban on
discrimination provided for in Article 2. In this regard, the African
Charter differs from the European Convention and draws inspiration from the
Agreement on Civil and Political Rights. Equality before the law, protected
by paragraph 1 of Article 3, relates to the status of individuals before the
law. Equal protection by the law, guaranteed in paragraph 2 relates to the
implementation of the law and is applicable where the rights of the
Complainant are implemented unequally.
71. The Commission further notes that for Article 3 to be applicable, the
inequality alleged by the Complainant should follow from the "law". In this
context, the legislative or regulatory Act constitutes the most unambiguous
form of law. It is obvious however that Member States could easily
circumvent the Charter is the term "law" were to be restricted to these
formal methods of legislating. The Commission is of the opinion that the
Member States would violate Article 3 if they were to exercise a power or
judgment conferred by a law in a discriminatory manner. As it happens, the
refusal by the Minister of the Economy, Finances and the Budget is not based
on any specific legislative authority. Nevertheless, the Commission feels
that it was incumbent on the Minister to honour the judgment by virtue of
the rule of law and of the principle of the res judicata.
72. In this context the Commission observes that the Complainant was
unjustifiably refused the implementation of a legal ruling which had the
character of res judicata. The Minister of the Economy, Finances and the
Budget rejected his request for execution as well as that of two other
individuals for no apparent reason. In his claims before the African
Commission, the Respondent State did not put forward any argument to explain
the decision of the Minister in rejecting the Complainant's claim. Moreover,
in its submissions dated 30 March 2004 in reaction to the complainant's
arguments, the State has quoted victims of the same violent events who have
been compensated. The Minister thereby transformed the right of the
Complainant to an effective remedy before the Courts into an illusion and
denied him the right to fair legal compensation. Under these circumstances,
the Commission is of the view that the decision of the Minister arbitrarily
deprived the Complainant of the protection of the law accorded to other
citizens in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 of the Charter.
73. Furthermore, although the Complainant does not specifically mention this
Article of the Charter, the examination of the facts shows a violation of
Article 7 of the Charter concerning the right to fair trial. The effective
exercise of this right by individuals requires that:
"All State Institutions against which an appeal has been lodged or a legal
ruling has been pronounced conform fully with this ruling or this appeal."
[FN3]
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[FN3] See the Guidelines and Principles on the Right to a Fair Trial and
Legal Assistance in Africa.
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74. The Commission notes that in similar instances, the European Court of
Human Rights declared that the right to access to a Court guaranteed by
Article 6 (1) of the European Human Rights Convention would be illusory if
the domestic laws of a State allowed a final and binding legal ruling to
remain ineffective to the detriment of one Party. The Court therefore ruled
that the execution of a judgment, no matter from what jurisdiction, should
be considered as being an integral part of the "proceedings" in accordance
with Article 6. The Court further recognised that the effective protection
of the person to be tried and the re-establishment of legality constituted
an obligation for the State to comply with a judgment or ruling pronounced
by the highest Court in the land. In consequence, by virtue of this Article,
the execution of a legal ruling can neither be unduly prevented, nullified
nor delayed. [FN4]
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[FN4] See, among others, the rulings on Hornsby v Greece of 19 March 1997,
1997-II, 510-511, para 40, Burdov v Russia, cited above.
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75. The Commission is also of the view that the right to be heard guaranteed
by Article 7 of the African Charter includes the right to the execution of a
judgment. It would therefore be inconceivable for this Article to grant the
right for an individual to bring an appeal before all the national Courts in
relation to any act violating the fundamental rights without guaranteeing
the execution of judicial rulings. To interpret Article 14 any other way
would lead to situations which are incompatible with the rule of law. As a
result, the execution of a final judgment passed by a Tribunal or legal
Court should be considered as an integral part of "the right to be heard"
which is protected by Article 7.
76. Furthermore, the Commission considers that the refusal by the Minister
to honour the judgment passed in favour of the Complainant also constitutes
a violation of Article 14 of the Charter. Although the Complainant only
alluded to this Article at the moment of his argument, the Commission
considers that his initial claims sufficiently supported a claim of
violation of the right to property. Drawing inspiration from the
jurisprudence of the European Court under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the
European Convention [FN5], the Commission considers that a monetary
compensation granted by judgment having acquired the authority of res
judicata should be considered as an asset. Therefore, the unjustified
refusal of the Respondent State to honour the final judgment passed in
favour of the Complainant hindered the enjoyment of his assets.
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[FN5] See Burdov, cited above and Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis
Andreadis v Greece, judgment of 9 December 1994, series A 301-B, 84.
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77. The African Commission appreciates the fact that in spite of the
situation which was then prevailing in the Republic of Congo during the
period under review, the Court had been able to act rapidly and firmly in
pronouncing the judgements in a bid to restore the rule of law.
78. The African Commission nonetheless remains conscious of the fact that
without a system of effective execution, other forms of private justice can
spring up and have negative consequences on the confidence and credibility
of the public in the justice system.
79. Finally, the Commission wishes to make some comments with regard to the
claims of the Complainant based on Article 21 (2) of the Charter. This
Article stipulates that "in case of spoliation the dispossessed people shall
have the right to the lawful recovery of their property as well as to an
adequate compensation". The Complainant contends that the Respondent State
violated this Article in refusing to honour a judgment of the Brazzaville
High Court upholding the total responsibility of the Respondent State and
that of the Brazzaville Mayor's Office in relation to the looting of his
assets by the soldiers and the unruly elements of the national Police Force.
80. The African Charter does not provide a definition of the concept of
"people" that is found in Articles 19 to 24. This concept nonetheless
defines third generation rights whose recognition constitutes the main
distinctive feature of the African Charter. Article 21 of the Charter is one
of these rights; it guarantees to all peoples the right to freely dispose of
their wealth and natural resources. Under the terms of this Article, a
people stripped of their wealth and natural resources has the right to the
recovery of its property and to an adequate compensation.
81. In Social and Economic Rights Action Center, Centre for Economic and
Social Rights vs. Nigeria, Communication 159/96 (2001), the African
Commission recalled in the following terms, the origin of Article 21:
"[This] provision dates back to the colonial period during which the
material and human resources of Africa had been greatly exploited by foreign
powers, thus creating a tragedy for the Africans themselves, depriving them
of their inalienable rights and land". Considering its nature and its
objective, this Article can only be referred to in the exclusive interest of
a people that has the legitimate right to an adequate compensation as well
as to the recovery of its assets in case of spoliation.
82. In this case, the movable and immovable property of the Complainant that
had been destroyed during the socio-political events which shook the country
in 1993 does not constitute the wealth and natural resources of a people but
rather individual assets. It is important to point out that in the present
Communication the Complainant is acting on his own behalf and on behalf of a
group of individuals or of a population living in a given territory. Under
these circumstances, the African Commission does not find any violation of
Article 21 (2) of the African Charter.
83. The complainant also requests the Commission to prescribe the respondent
State to pay him damages and a daily penalty for delay in payment of the sum
granted to him by a court ruling, which he estimates at 200.000.000 FCFA et
50.000.000 FCFA respectively.
84. The Commission, although admitting that the complainant suffered some
loss due to the delay in the payment of the sum granted by Congolese courts,
does not consider itself in a position to put a figure to the loss. This is
the reason why, relying on its jurisprudence, especially its decision on
communication 59/91[FN6], the Commission recommends that the amount of the
compensation be determined according to Congolese legislation.
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[FN6] Communication 59/91 Embga Mekongo v Cameroon [(2000) AHRLR 56 (ACHPR
1995)] para 2.
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FOR THESE REASONS, THE AFRICAN COMMISSION
1. Observes that the Republic of Congo is in violation of Article 3, 7 and
14 of the African Charter;
2. Says that there was no violation of Articles 2 and 21(2) of the African
Charter;
3. Urges the Republic of Congo to harmonize its legislation with that of the
African Charter;
4. Requests the Republic of Congo to compensate the Complainant as required
by paying him the amount fixed by the High Court of Brazzaville, namely the
global amount of 195,037,000 FCFA equivalent to 297,333.00 Euros;
5. Further requests the Republic of Congo to pay compensation for the loss
suffered by the complainant, the amount of which shall be determined in
accordance with Congolese legislation.
Done at the 40th Ordinary Session of the African Commission held in Banjul,
The Gambia, from 15 - 29 November, 2006 |
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