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RAPPORTEUR
30th Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
31st Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
32nd Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
33rd Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
34th Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
35th Session: Commissioner Rezag Bara
SUMMARY OF FACTS
1. The complaint was submitted by Interights, Institute for Human Rights and
Development in Africa, and Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme
(Mauritanian Human Rights Association), on behalf of Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah,
Secretary General of Union des Forces Démocratiques-Ere nouvelle (UFD/EN,
Union of Democratic Forces-New Era), a Mauritanian political party, which
was established on 2 October 1991.
2. The Complainants, mandated by Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah, allege the following
facts. By Decree No. 2000/116.PM/MIPT, dated 28 October 2000, Union des
Forces Démocratiques/Ere nouvelle (UFD/EN), the main opposition party in
Mauritania, led by Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah was dissolved by the Prime Minister
of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Mr. Cheick El Avia Mohamed Khouna.
3. This measure, taken pursuant to Mauritanian law, (in particular articles
11 and 18 of the Mauritanian Constitution, and Ordinance No. 91.024 of 25
July 1991 which deals with political parties in articles 4, 25 and 26), was
imposed, according to this senior official, following a series of actions
and undertakings committed by the leaders of this political organisation,
and which:
a. were damaging to the good image and interests of the country;
b. incited Mauritanians to violence and intolerance; and
c. led to demonstrations which compromised public order, peace and security.
4. On account of this, all the movable and immovable assets of the said
political organisation were, ipso jure, seized.
5. A few weeks after the proscription of UFD/EN, the Mauritanian authorities
arrested several leaders of the party who had participated in a
demonstration against the measure, which they considered illegal and
illegitimate, for breach of public order.
6. The Secretary General of the party, Mr Ould Daddah, on arrival from a
journey abroad, was himself arrested on 9 December 2000, at Nouakchott
airport, and was only released a few days later.
7. On 25 December 2000, the leaders of UFD/EN filed a motion for the repeal
of the government's measure before the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme
Court, citing:
d. Lack of a just cause for the dissolution Decree;
e. The unjustified nature of the punishment of a political party due to the
alleged machinations of its leaders;
f. Lack of competence on the part of the authority by whom the Decree was
signed; and
g. Absence of any deliberation by the Council of Ministers on the matter of
the dissolution, as foreseen by law.
8. On 14 January 2001, the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court,
ruling as court of original and final jurisdiction, delivered its verdict
(No. 01/2001 UFD/EN vs/ Prime Minister and Minister of Interior, Post and
Telecommunications of 14 January 2001), throwing out Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah's
appeal, without really giving the grounds, stating that the claim lacked
merit.
9. Since then, the principal leaders and activists of UFD/EN, who did not
have the recourse of appealing the Supreme Court's judgement before any
other Mauritanian court, have been subjected to a veritable witch-hunt,
throughout the Mauritanian territory, and have suffered acts of intimidation
and harassment by the security services.
10. They have also been excluded from participating, under the banner of
their political organisation, in the various elections that have been
organised in the country.
COMPLAINT
11. The Complainant claims that there has been a violation of the following
provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Articles 1,
2, 7, 9(2), 10(1), 13 and 14.
PROCEDURE
12. The communication was submitted on the 25th April 2001, during the 29th
Ordinary Session, held in Tripoli from 23 April to 7 May 2001.
13. The Secretariat acknowledged receipt of the communication on 2 May 2001.
14. At the 30th ordinary session, the African Commission considered the
communication and decided to be seized of the case. Consideration of its
merits was deferred until the next session and the Commission asked that the
parties be informed accordingly.
15. The Secretariat informed the Respondent State of the decision of the
Commission in its Note Verbale of 15th November 2001 and the Complainant was
informed of the same decision in an official letter dated 19th November
2001.
16. On 22nd January 2002, the Secretariat received the observations on the
admissibility and merits of the case from the Respondent State. Those
observations were forwarded to the Complainant.
17. The following documents in Arabic were attached to the observations of
the Respondent State:
h. Petition dated 27/01/2001 of Mr Mohamed Oula Gowj requesting the review
of the decision of the supreme court No. 01/2002 of 14/01/2001;
i. Letter of the Assistant Secretary General of UDF/EN dated 24/01/2001;
j. Letter of Mr Mohamed O. Gowj cancelling his petition of 27/01/2001;
k. Statement of no appeal issued by the Registrar of the Supreme Court dated
12/01/2001
l. Communiqué of UDF/EN to development partners;
m. Statement of general policy of UDF/EN.
18. On 25 March 2002, the Complainants, comprising of Interights,
l'Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme and l'Institut pour les
Droits Humains et le Développement, presented the Secretariat of the
Commission with their written observations on the admissibility of the
complaint, in reply to the arguments on admissibility of the complaint as
advanced by the Respondent State.
19. At its 31st Session, held from 2 - 16 May 2002 in Pretoria, South
Africa, the African Commission declared the communication admissible and
called on both parties to submit their observations on the merits of the
case without undue delay.
20. By letter dated 29 May 2002, the Secretariat of the Commission informed
both of the concerned parties of the Commission's decision.
21. On 7 August 2002, the Secretariat of the Commission acknowledged receipt
of the written observations on the merits of the communication, received on
5 August 2002 from the Complainant. A copy of these observations was
forwarded to the Respondent State.
22. At its 33rd ordinary session held in Niamey, Niger, the African
Commission listened to the oral remarks of both parties and decided to defer
its decision on the merits to the 34th ordinary session. The parties
concerned were notified of the decision on 4th July 2003.
23. At its 35th Ordinary Session held from 21st May to 4th June 2004 in
Banjul, The Gambia, the African Commission considered this communication and
decided to deliver its decision on the merits.
LAW
ADMISSIBILITY
24. Article 56 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights sets out
seven conditions, which, under normal circumstances, must be fulfilled for a
communication to be admissible. Out of the seven conditions, the government
raised the issue regarding the exhaustion of local remedies as provided
under Article 56(5) of the Charter, which stipulates:
"Communications...... to be considered, are sent after exhausting local
remedies, if any unless it is obvious this procedure is unduly prolonged".
25. In its submission of 7th January 2002, the Respondent State requested
that the African Commission: "...enquire whether the complainants had duly
seized the African Commission...". The Respondent State also informed the
African Commission that the rulings of the Administrative Chamber of the
Supreme Court could not be appealed against. It however went on to say: "
appeal is not the only legal remedy in Mauritanian law. The rulings made by
this jurisdiction an often required for revision on the basis of Article 197
and in accordance with the Civil Commercial and Administrative Procedure
Code (CPCCA). Practically, the respondent state affirmed that applications
for revision have recently culminated into rulings of withdrawal by the same
Chamber.
26. To support its line of reasoning, the respondent state indicated that
one the lawyers of UDF/EN, Lawyer Mohamed Ould Gowf made a plea in the same
vein on 27/01/2001 but withdrew it the same day. Based on the above facts
and on Article 56(5) of the African Charter, the Respondent state requested
that the communication be declared inadmissible due to the fact that the
local remedies were not exhausted.
27. However, the fact remains that the generally accepted meaning of local
remedies, which must be exhausted prior to any communication/complaint
procedure before the African Commission, are the ordinary remedies of common
law that exist in jurisdictions and normally accessible to people seeking
justice.
28. However, it is a known fact that the revision procedure is an
extraordinary legal remedy that exists only if a number of conditions
specifically stipulated by the law are fulfilled. In this regard, Articles
197 and 198 CPCCA of the Republic of Mauritania do not allow access to
revision unless it is proven that the legal decision taken was wrong or due
to the fact that the other party is in possession of decisive evidence.
29. Furthermore, the fact that one of the lawyers of the complainants who
was probably not empowered to do so, had indeed applied for a revision and
withdrew it the same day, was a clear indication of the complainant's
intention not to resort to such a remedy. In fact, this does not affect at
all the exceptionally legal nature of such a legal remedy as outlined above.
30. Consequently, it is a fact that the party that seized the African
Commission had indeed exhausted, with regard to this particular case, the
entire local remedies of common law that exist and can be resorted to before
Mauritanian jurisdictions.
31. In view of the above-stated reasons, the African Commission declared the
communication admissible.
MERITS
32. The communication relative to the dissolution of the Mauritanian
Political Party UFD/Ere nouvelle in accordance with established and legally
confirmed regulations is attacked by the Complainant before the African
Commission for being in violation of Articles 1, 2, 9(2), 10(1), 13 and 14
of the African Charter, on the basis of the following points:
i. The non-conformity of the legal ruling ratifying the dissolution on the
principles governing the right to a fair hearing;
ii. The criticism levelled against the legality of the decision for
dissolution in accordance with established regulations and illegal and
unjustified lapses blamed on the political party UFD/Ere nouvelle.
ON THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
33. The Complainant contends that the Mauritanian Courts are in violation of
the provisions of Article 7 (a) of the African Charter which stipulates:
"Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This
comprises the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts
violating his fundamental rights as recognised and guaranteed by
conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force."
34. The Complainant alleges that the dissolution of the main Mauritanian
opposition Party UFD/EN, the seizing of its assets and the conditions in
which the measure has been confirmed by the highest Court in the land have
violated the relevant provisions of the African Charter and other
Conventions to which the country is signatory.
35. The Complainant contends that these violations are both procedural and
substantial. Procedural, because the basic rules and principles of a fair
hearing were not respected during the hearing. Substantial, because the
dissolution of the UFD/EN party violated the right of association and
freedom of expression of the members and leaders of this political party and
violated the principles of democracy outlined in the African Charter.
36. The Complainant alleges that the procedure before the administrative
chamber of the Supreme Court did not respect the principles relative to the
right to a fair hearing in particular that which is relative to two-tier
proceedings. The Complainant also alleges that from the investigation of the
case up to the public hearing which decided the on destiny of the UFD/EN,
the principles of inter parties had not been respected and that the final
ruling by the Judge did not contain pertinent legal arguments justifying the
dissolution of the said party.
37. The Respondent State emphasises that the judicial examples and arguments
and all the documentation on the right to a fair hearing raised by the
Complainant are only applicable in a penal case. The Respondent State
imagines evidently that the accusations levelled against the UFD/EN may well
have a penal qualification according to the law governing the activities of
Political Parties, but this is not enough to give this case a penal
character since no penal lawsuit had been brought against the leaders of the
said Party.
38. The Respondent State indicates that concerning the respect for the
principle of two-tier proceedings, which consists of bringing the entire
dossier of the merits of a case before a differently composed higher legal
authority for examination, it is established that it concerns a broad based
rule which can be widely applied, notably in penal cases. This principle
forms the basis of proper administration of justice and allows the
well-intentioned applicant to obtain the guarantee of a correct application
of the Law.
39. The fact remains however that, as stipulated by Article 7 (a) of the
African Charter, every individual has the right to have his cause heard,
which includes: "...The right to appeal to competent national organs..."
40. In this particular case, and in conformity with Article 26 of the Decree
91-024 of the 25th July 1991 governing the activities of political parties,
the Respondent State underscores the fact that the competent legal authority
to examine the legality and validity of a Decree passed by the Prime
Minister of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is the Administrative Chamber
of the Supreme Court, according to the procedure in force in this country.
However, the Supreme Court is the highest authority in the Mauritanian legal
system and in the matter of appeal against decisions taken by the
administrative authorities; the existing procedure requires that annulment
takes place only as a first and last resort.
41. Finally, it means that the Mauritanian legislator, like other similar
legislations, has given exclusive authority to the highest legal body in the
country due to the legal and Political importance of the matter relative to
the dissolution of a Political Party. It is before this high authority that
the entire Mauritanian legislative system is built and it is here that the
uniform rules for applying the Law in this country, in all fields, are
established.
42. Concerning the respect for the principle of judgement after due hearing,
the Respondent State maintains that the Complainant never mentioned in his
written submissions, any opposition to or complaint against the holding of
audiences, or of the quality of the representation and the defense of the
political party which was dissolved before the Mauritanian legal
authorities.
43. After having studied the comments made by the Complainant and the
Respondent State, it is well established that the representatives of the
UFD/Ere nouvelle received, in good time, all the notifications of the
actions and documents relating to this litigation, and had had access to the
entire dossier of the case to study all the points and make the relevant
criticisms both in writing and by oral advocacy before the competent legal
authority.
44. However, regarding this particular case, the parties before the
Mauritanian administrative court are, on the one hand, the Minister of the
Interior, representing the government and, on the other hand, the political
party UFD/Ere nouvelle. As for the Government Commissioner, he carries out
the functions of the representative of the Department of Public Prosecution
i.e. representative of the public interest charged to ensure, on behalf of
society, the sound application of the laws. In this regard, he can resort to
methods of public nature that might not have been resorted to by the parties
which might have escaped the vigilance of the reporting judge.
45. Thus, the criticism levelled against the Government Commissioner, who is
the representative of the Department of Public Prosecution, before the
Administrative Division of the Supreme Court because of its so called "collusion" with the ruling, seemed to lack merit due to the absence of hard
facts and concrete material evidence to back such a value judgment.
46. In seeking to know if the decision of the Mauritanian Highest Court had
been sufficiently justified or not, the report on the ruling by the
Administrative Chamber of the Mauritanian Supreme Court amply covers all the
arguments raised by the Complainant's Defense, as much in their written
submissions as in their oral address before the audience and provides
responses based on the provisions of the Mauritanian Laws. From that moment
it is not possible to support this grievance with regard to the
aforementioned decision.
47. In this context, the African Commission does not admit the violation of
the provisions of Article 7 (1a) of the African Charter for it considers
that Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah's case has been adequately heard by the
Administrative Chamber.
ON THE LEGALITY OF THE ACT GOVERNING DISSOLUTION AND THE ILLEGAL AND
UNJUSTIFIED LAPSES BLAMED ON THE POLITICAL PARTY UFD/ERE NOUVELLE.
48. Article 9 (2) of the African Charter stipulates: "every individual shall
have the right to express and disseminate his opinions within the law".
i. Article 10 (1) of the African Charter stipulates:" every individual shall
have the right to free association provided that he abides by the law"; and
ii. Article 13 (1) of the Charter indicates: "every citizen shall have the
right to participate freely in the government of his country, either
directly or through freely chosen representatives in accordance with the
provisions of the law".
49. The Complainant alleges that by a Decree No. 2000/116/PM/MITP dated 28th
October 2000 and signed by the Prime Minister, the Mauritanian Government
dissolved the Democratic Forces Union/Ere nouvelle (UFD/EN), the main
opposition Party in the country. The same day, Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah,
Secretary General of the said Political Party received, by letter (No.
58/2000) from the Minister of the Interior, Posts and Telecommunications of
even date, notification of the measure that the Political group's buildings
and assets have been impounded.
50. According to the Decree governing the dissolution, the measure had been
taken in application of the provisions of the Constitution of the 20th July
1991 (Articles 11 and 18) and the Decree No. 91 024 of the 25th July 1991
(Articles 4, 25 and 26) which formally prohibited Political Parties from
destroying the country's important image and interests, from inciting
intolerance and violence and from organising demonstrations that are likely
to compromise public order, peace and security.
51. The Complainant contends that the acts by the leaders of the Political
Parties mentioned in Articles 4 & 5 of the Decree No. 91 – 024 of 25th July
1991 relative to Political Parties and liable to lead to the dissolution of
their organisation (inciting intolerance and violence, organising
demonstrations likely to compromise public order, peace and security,
setting up of military or paramilitary organisations, armed militia or
combat groups) are already considered by Articles 83 and others of the
Mauritanian Criminal Code as offences or punishable crimes.
52. The Complainant points out that the dissolution of the UFD/EN is
justifiable by the inflammatory nature of a certain number of documents and
expressions attributed to its leaders. In other words, it is the abuse of
the freedom of expression by the leaders of this party which gave rise to
its expulsion from the Mauritanian Political arena. The Complainant
specifies that such assertions are unacceptable in a State which is said to
base its activities on the principles of Democracy and on the principles of
the African Charter. Indeed, there had been, not only prejudice to the
freedom of expression, to the right of association and to the right of the
leaders of the UFD/EN to participate in the management of public affairs in
Mauritania, but also to the fundamental rights of the said Party which,
through this measure, has lost all its assets.
53. The Complainant indicates that the notions of the right of association
and of the freedom of expression are complementary in a democratic State, in
the sense that the Association or the Political Party is, the means par
excellence, for the freedom of expression. It is well known that Political
Parties contribute greatly to the political debate of democratic States,
notably through elections which are organised periodically to guarantee the
freedom of choice of its leaders by the citizens.
54. In paying special attention to the terms used in the Party's
declarations, in the statements of its leaders and indeed to the context in
which these had been published or delivered, the Complainant voices his
surprise to note that the authors of this measure were unaware that the
activities for which the UFD/EN was being blamed had taken place in the
context of" training and the expression of the political will of its
members" and in the context of Mauritanians enjoying their right to be
differently informed about the political, economic and social situation of
their country.
55. The Complainant alleges that the contentious statements and publications
had been made and/or distributed during a time when Mauritania was making
pre-campaign preparations for the legislative and local elections for the
year 2001. In such a context, each Party was endeavouring, with due respect
for democratic rules, to put its opponent in a position of weakness before
the voters during the electoral campaign.
56. The Complainant exposes that it is for this reason that the statement of
the 17th September 1998 had been drafted following the dissemination, by
several reliable sources, of information relating to the discovery of a case
of misappropriation of public funds, particularly of the aid received from
development partners, of financial chaos and of the mismanagement of public
affairs [FN1].
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[FN1] The Complainant refers particularly to the Article which appeared in
the French Daily Le Monde, which is generally well informed and which was
intitled "Mauritania plagued by affairism and a return to tribalism" and in
which could be read the following" the word deprivation is not strong enough
(to describe the situation of the Mauritanian) and that to remain afloat the
only solution available for the Administration is to divert for its own
benefit, part of the monies given by the international community to finance
development projects
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57. According to the Complainant, the objective of this document was, among
other things, to remind Mauritania's partners that the Mauritanian citizen,
in view of the total silence of the authorities on this issue "has the right
and the duty to ask for explanations and to know what happened to the money
obtained in his name and which should be refunded [FN2]" , that a happy
outcome of this crisis which is threatening the existence of Mauritania,
since more than 57% of the population lived below the poverty threshold,
could only be obtained through" responsible, dispassionate and constructive
dialogue the only means to realise consensual solutions to the major
problems which exist". The document also insisted on the need for the
country to have a pluralist Parliament resulting from transparent elections,
an independent judiciary, a really free press, the opening of the public
media for opposition debates and to give free access to airtime. And in
conclusion, the authors of the statement affirmed that" the UFD/EN, as a
political force of major significance, whilst expressing its sincere
gratitude to all of Mauritania's development partners for their large
contributions to this country, and in expressing the hope to see this
assistance increased, invites them to avoid, as much as possible, easy
solutions and complacent attitudes which is costing Mauritania enormously
for the past several years" [FN3].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[FN2] Cf. Declaration made for the attention of Mauritania's development
partners, page 2
[FN3] Cf. Declaration quoted above, page 2.
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58. Concerning the statement of the 30th October 1999 made by the UFD/EN,
the Complainant argues that it had been published at the end of the Party's
2nd Ordinary Congress which had brought together some fifteen African
Political Parties. The text, a report of the 3-day meeting of the Party, had
been divided in two sections, devoted respectively to the political,
economic and social situation of the nation and to the Party's internal
activities.
59. The Complainant claims that the first part of the document was a
presentation of the major facts of life in the nation which had been
examined by the participants at the Congress and ideas and solutions,
outlined in the resolutions which had been advocated by the Party as
definitive solutions. These were obviously problems which the Authorities
did not wish and still do not wish to see exposed to the public view, such
as: - the threats to national unity brought about by racist, slavelike,
tribalistic and regionalistic practices ; the maintenance of repressive
texts which legalise the muzzling of the press, the violation of individual
and collective freedoms and the regular and shameless rigging of elections ;
the economic bankruptcy resulting from the systematic looting of national
resources and the diverting of national aid by the ruling clique, giving
rise to the aggravation of social inequality, of unemployment, of
impoverishment and the abandonment by the State of its essential functions
of regulation, health, education and security ; - the diplomatic isolation
of Mauritania from its natural arabo-african environment and its most
spectacular action which was the elevation of Israel's diplomatic
representation to the rank of Ambassador.
60. The Complainant notes that in these two documents, there is no passage
that contains an insulting or outrageous word against the Authorities or
advocating violence and/or calling on the populations to rise against the
leaders of the country. And in the two cases, the Party was acting as an
activist in the national political life and playing its natural and
important role in drawing public attention to the facts outlined by the
information disseminated by independent organisations, and all of this with
due respect for the laws and regulations of the country, argues the
Complainant.
61. The Complainant party recalls that in a democratic society, "the
Authorities should tolerate criticism even where it can be considered as
insulting or provocative [FN4]" and one of the characteristics of democracy
is "to allow the proposal and the discussion of diverse political projects
even those which challenge the State's current mode of organising, so long
as these do not cause prejudice to democracy itself [FN5]", this is what the
Mauritanian Constitution requires in its Article 11.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[FN4] Cf. Cr.EDH, Arrest of Ozgur Gundem c. Turkey of the 16th March 2000,
paragraph 60
[FN5] Cf. Cr.EDH, Arrest of Ybrahim Askoy c. Turkey of the 10 January 2001,
paragraph 78
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
62. As for the incriminating speech, the Complainant continues, it had been
delivered by Mr. Ahmed Ould Daddah in his capacity as Secretary General of
the UFD/EN during one of the rare occasions when the Party had obtained
approval to hold a rally. The essence of his speech related, that day, to
the respect which should be accorded by the Mauritanian Authorities to the
main Opposition Party of the country as its due. In his view, the Party
should no longer accept the harassment to which it was being subjected and
if it should continue the changes being fervently called for by its
militants would not come about in a peaceful manner for the UFD/EN would no
longer leave the initiative to the Authorities. He ended is speech by
calling on all the members of the Party to prepare for battle in the coming
elections. The Complainant alleges that nowhere in the speech was there use
of a word to make people think that his Party was, from henceforth, going to
resort to violence. That was all the more important considering that at the
end of the meeting the thousands of militants dispersed without any incident
in spite of an impressive police presence.
63. The Respondent State alleges that political pluralism in the Islamic
Republic of Mauritania has its political bases in Articles 11 and 18 of the
1991 Constitution and its legal basis in Articles 4, 25 and 26 of the Law of
25th July 1991 relative to Political Parties.
64. In this context, Article 11 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic
of Mauritania stipulates:" Political Parties work towards the formation and
the expression of political will. They form and exercise their activities
freely on condition that they respect the democratic principles and do not jeopardise,
either by object or by action, national sovereignty, territorial integrity
and the unity of the nation and of the Republic. The Law fixes the
conditions for the creation, operation and dissolution of Political
Parties."
65. Article 18 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania
puts down all offences committed, which are prejudicial to the security of
the State.
66. Article 4 of the Decree No. 91 – 024 of 25th July 1991 relative to
Political Parties reads as follows: "Political Parties are prohibited all
propaganda against the principles of Islam. Islam cannot be the exclusive
prerogative of any Political Party. In their Statutes, programmes, in their
speeches and in their political activities, Political Parties are prohibited
from:
i. Any form of incitement to intolerance and to violence;
ii. Organisation of demonstrations likely to compromise public order, peace
and security;
iii. Any transformation aimed at establishing military or paramilitary
organisations or armed militia or combat groups;
iv. Any propaganda with the objective of causing prejudice to territorial
integrity or to the unity of the nation"
67. Article 25 of the Decree No. 91 – 024 of 25th July 1991 relative to
Political Parties makes it possible for a Political Party to be dissolved if
the latter violates the rules, which govern it.
68. The Respondent States argues that it is on the basis of these two texts
that the Political Party UFD/Ere nouvelle received its legal sanctioning and
was able to carry out its activities normally. These two texts, one of which
has a Constitutional value and the other an organic value, fix the framework
for the activities of Political Parties as organs for participation in the
democratisation of public life and determine the modalities of the sanctions
to be imposed in case of transgression of the Constitutional requirements
and the legal rules governing the activities of Political Parties in the
Islamic Republic of Mauritania.
69. Pertaining to the dissolution of the UFD/EN, the Respondent State
alleges that the lack of direction and extremism of this Party was such that
the dissolution was not only justified but also necessary in view of the
danger that it represented for the State and for social peace.
70. The Respondent State insists that the UFD/EN, because of its radicalism,
constituted a grave threat to public order and seriously threatened the
rules of the democratic game. In this context it was quite legitimate for
the State, in order to avoid a drifting to unforeseeable consequences, to
take all the requisite measures to safeguard the general interest of the
country and to preserve the social fabric as well as to maintain public
order and security in a democratic society, and this in conformity with the
relevant provisions of the Decree for the creation and dissolution of
Political Parties.
71. The Authorities clearly defined the legal causes and bases of this
measure. On the causes relating to the dissolution, the Respondent State
noted as follows:
(1) The activities carried out both inside and outside the country to
discredit and destroy the interests of Mauritania. In this regard, the
Respondent State cites the communiqué by the UFD/EN dated 17th September
1998 addressed to Mauritania's development partners with the objective of
convincing the donor countries to arrest all economic assistance to
Mauritania and the orchestrated disinformation campaign against the country
relating to the dumping in the national territory of nuclear waste from
Israel;
(2) The fact that the UFD/EN had advocated violence as an instrument of its
political activities. It also mentioned the Party's General Political
Statement of the 30th October 1999 certain passages of which, notably those
speaking of the marginalisation and ignorance of the rights of
black-africans, are seen by the Respondent as trying to re-ignite ethnic and
racial upheavals in a pluriethnic country, disturbances against public law
and order blamed on this Party and declarations attributed to certain
leaders of this Party who are reported to have said that they would no
longer organise peaceful demonstrations.
72. With regard to the legality of the measure, the Respondent State affirms
that this legality is based in Article 11 of the Constitution which governs
the principle of the freedom to set up political parties, on condition that
they respect the democratic principles and do not cause prejudice either by
objective or by their actions to national sovereignty, to the territorial
integrity, to the unity of the Nation of the Republic and Articles 4, 25 and
26 of Decree 91-024 of the 25th July 1991 relative to Political Parties
which prohibits any action that may incite intolerance and violence and any
effort to organise demonstrations that may compromise public order, peace
and security.
73. The Respondent State reiterates that factual evidence existed whereby
the UFD/EN was advocating violence, was carrying out subversive activities
which were prejudicial to national unity, was training dangerous hooligans
who were likely to jeopardise the lives and property of peaceful citizens.
74. This factual evidence, continues the Respondent State, fully justifies
the regulatory measure taken against the UFD/EN decided by the Council of
Ministers since the threat against order, peace and security was evident.
75. The Respondent State advances several arguments against the authors of
the communication to justify the basis of the decision to dissolve the
UFD/EN, in particular:
iii. The fact that the activities of and positions taken by the leaders of
this Party constituted a threat to the fundamental interests and image of
the country;
iv. The fact that certain actions and declarations by the Party appear to be
meant to incite Mauritanians to intolerance and violence;
v. The fact that some of its members were involved in activities geared
towards pushing people to disobedience and disorder thereby endangering
public peace and security.
76. According to the interpretation given by the African Commission to
freedom of expression and to the right of association as defined in the
African Charter, States have the right to regulate, through their national
legislation, the exercise of these two rights. Articles 9(2), 10(1) and
13(1) of the African Charter all specifically refer to the need to respect
the provisions of national legislation in the implementation and enjoyment
of such rights. In this particular case, the relevant provisions of
Mauritanian laws that had been applied are articles 11 and 18 of the
Constitution and articles 4, 25 and 26 of the Decree 91-024 of the 25th July
1991 relative to Political Parties.
77. However these regulations should be compatible with the obligations of
States as outlined in the African Charter [FN6]. In the specific case of the
freedom of expression that the African Commission considers as "a
fundamental human right, essential for the development of the individual,
for his political awareness and his participation in public affairs [FN7], a
recent decision [FN8] clearly delineated that the right of States to
restrain, through national legislation, the expression of opinions did not
mean that national legislation could push aside entirely the right to
expression and the right to express one's opinion. This, in the Commission's
view, would make the protection of this right inoperable. To allow national
legislation to take precedence over the Charter would result in wiping out
the importance and impact of the rights and freedoms provided for under the
Charter. International obligations should always have precedence over
national legislation, and any restriction of the rights guaranteed by the
Charter should be in conformity with the provisions of the latter.
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[FN6]Cf. Resolution on the right to freedom of association, paragraph 3
[FN7] Communication 212/98 Amnesty c/Zambia paragraph 54
[FN8] Communication 105/93, 128/94, 130/94 and 152/96 Media Rights Agenda
and Constitutional Rights Project
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78. For the African Commission the only legitimate reasons for restricting
the rights and freedoms contained in the Charter are those stipulated in
Article 27(2), namely that the rights" shall be exercised with due regard to
the rights of others, collective security, morality and common interest" .
And even in this case the restrictions should" be based on legitimate public
interest and the inconvenience caused by these restrictions should be
strictly proportional and absolutely necessary for the benefits to be realised" .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[FN9] Ibid, paragraph 68
[FN10] Ibid, paragraph 69
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79. Furthermore, the African Commission requires that for a restriction
imposed by the legislators to conform to the provisions of the African
Charter, it should be done "with respect for the rights of others,
collective security and common interest [FN11]" that it should be based "on
a legitimate public interest...and should be strictly proportional and
absolutely necessary" to the sought after objective [FN12]. And more over,
the law in question should be in conformity with the obligations to which
the State has subscribed in ratifying the African Charter [FN13] and should
not "render the right itself an illusion [FN14]".
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[FN11] Cf. Communication 140/94 cited above, paragraph 41
[FN12] Cf. Communication 140/94 cited above, paragraph 42.
[FN13] Cf. Communication 147/95 and 149/96 Sir Dawda K. Jawara/The Gambia,
paragraph 59.
[FN14] Cf. communication 140/94 cited above
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80. It is worthy of note that the freedom of expression and the right to
association are closely linked because the protection of opinions and the
right to express them freely constitute one of the objectives of the right
of association. And this amalgamation of the two norms is even clearer in
the case of political parties, considering their essential role for the
maintenance of pluralism and the proper functioning of democracy. A
political group should therefore not be hounded for the simple reason of
wanting to hold public debates, with due respect for democratic rules, on a
certain number of issues of national interest.
81. In this particular case it is obvious that the dissolution of the UFD/EN
had the main objective of preventing the Party leaders from continuing to be
responsible for actions for declarations or for the adoption of positions
which, according to the Mauritanian Government, caused public disorder and
seriously threatened the credit, social cohesion and public order in the
country.
82. Nonetheless, and without wanting to pre-empt the judgement of the
Mauritanian Authorities, it appears to the African Commission that the said
Authorities had a whole gamut of sanctions which they could have used
without having to resort to the dissolution of this Party. It would appear
in fact that that if the Respondent State wished to end the verbal"
drifting" of the UFD/EN Party and to avoid the repetition by this same Party
of its behaviour prohibited by the law, the Respondent State could have used
a large number of measures enabling it, since the first escapade of this
Political Party, to contain this" grave threat to public order".
83. The Decree No. 91-024 had in effect, made provision for other sanctions
in order to deal with "slips" of Political Parties. Furthermore, the African
Commission finds that the dissolution of UFD/EN was in conformity with the
provisions of the Decree relating to the Political Parties.
84. The African Commission observes that the UFD/EN Party transformed itself
legally into UFD/EN retaining its recognised representatives on the basis of
its political statement and its programmes of action. The African Commission
also calls on all the Republican political forces in the Islamic Republic of
Mauritania to work, within the framework of the Constitution, towards the
reinforcement of healthy pluralist and democratic practice which would
preserve social unity and public peace.
85. The African Commission notes that the Respondent State contends rightly
that the attitudes or declarations of the leaders of the dissolved Party
could indeed have violated the rights of individuals, the collective
security of the Mauritanians and the common interest, but the disputed
dissolution measure was "not strictly proportional" to the nature of the
breaches and offences committed by the UFD/EN.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE AFRICAN COMMISSION finds that the dissolution of
UFD/Ere nouvelle political party by the Respondent State was not
proportional to the nature of the breaches and offences committed by the
political party and is therefore in violation of the provisions of Article
10(1) of the African Charter. |
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